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implement of any kind

Толкование Перевод

1 vas

1.
văs, vădis, m., a bail, security, surety (in gen., while praes is confined to pecuniary matters; cf.
also sponsio): vas appellatus, qui pro altero vadimonium promittebat,
Varr. L. L. 6, 74 Müll.:
vas factus est alter (Damon) ejus sistendi, ut si ille non revertisset, moriendum esset ipsi,
Cic. Off. 3, 10, 45:
vades poscere,
id. Rep. 2, 36, 61:
se dare vadem pro amico,
id. Fin. 2, 24, 79:
deserere vades,
Liv. 39, 41, 7; Hor. S. 1, 1, 11 Heind.—
B.
Trop.:
vestram virtutem rerum quas gesturus sum, vadem praedemque habeo,
Curt. 9, 2, 25.
2.
vās, vāsis; plur. vāsa, ōrum (anteclass. collat. form of the nom. sing. vāsum, Cato ap. Gell. 13, 23, 1; Fab. Pict. ap. Non. 544, 26; Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 33 sq.:
vasus fictilis,
Petr. 57, 8; dat. plur. vasibus, Gargil. Martial. Pomif. Arb. 4, 4; apocopated, vas' argenteis, for vasis, acc. to Cic. Or. 45, 153), n. [Sanscr. root, vas-, to put on; vastram, clothing; Gr. hennumi, heima; Lat. vestis].
I.
In gen., a vessel, dish; also, a utensil, implement of any kind:
vasa ahena ex aedibus (rapere),
Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 61:
aliquod vasum argenteum Aut aliquod vasum ahenum,
id. Truc. 1, 1, 33:
nihil relinquo in aedibus Nec vas nec vestimentum,
Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 89:
corpus quasi vas est, aut aliquod animi receptaculum,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 22, 52; cf. Vulg. 1 Thess. 4, 4:
quassatis undique vasis, Diffluere umorem,
Lucr. 3, 435:
sincerum est nisi vas, quodcumque infundis acescit,
Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 54:
vinarium,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 27, § 62:
argentea,
id. ib.; Hor. S. 2, 7, 72:
Corinthia et Deliaca,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 46, 133:
Samia,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 41; Cic. Mur. 36, 75:
escaria,
Plin. 37, 2, 7, § 18.—Of implements for supporting any thing:
si vasa sint legata, non solum ea continentur, quae aliquid in se recipiunt edendi bibendique causā paratum, sed etiam quae aliquid sustineant: et ideo scutellas vel promulsidaria contineri,
Dig. 34, 2, 20.—
2.
Military equipments, baggage:
ille ex Siciliā jam castra commoverat et vasa collegerat,
had packed up, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 19, § 40:
vasa colligere,
Liv. 21, 47, 2; 27, 47, 8; cf.
trop.: vasa in senectute colligere,
Sen. Ep. 19, 1:
vasa conclamare,
to give the signal for packing up, Caes. B. C. 1, 66: 3, 37.—
3.
Agricultural implements:
vasa quae utilia culturae sunt, aratrum, ligones, sarcula, falces, bidentes,
Dig. 33, 7, 8.—
4.
Of beehives, Col. 9, 6, 1.—
5.
Of hunting implements, Grat. Cyn. 219.—
II.
In mal. part., Auct. Priap. 70; cf.
in a double sense,
Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 41.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > vas
2 vasa

1.
văs, vădis, m., a bail, security, surety (in gen., while praes is confined to pecuniary matters; cf.
also sponsio): vas appellatus, qui pro altero vadimonium promittebat,
Varr. L. L. 6, 74 Müll.:
vas factus est alter (Damon) ejus sistendi, ut si ille non revertisset, moriendum esset ipsi,
Cic. Off. 3, 10, 45:
vades poscere,
id. Rep. 2, 36, 61:
se dare vadem pro amico,
id. Fin. 2, 24, 79:
deserere vades,
Liv. 39, 41, 7; Hor. S. 1, 1, 11 Heind.—
B.
Trop.:
vestram virtutem rerum quas gesturus sum, vadem praedemque habeo,
Curt. 9, 2, 25.
2.
vās, vāsis; plur. vāsa, ōrum (anteclass. collat. form of the nom. sing. vāsum, Cato ap. Gell. 13, 23, 1; Fab. Pict. ap. Non. 544, 26; Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 33 sq.:
vasus fictilis,
Petr. 57, 8; dat. plur. vasibus, Gargil. Martial. Pomif. Arb. 4, 4; apocopated, vas' argenteis, for vasis, acc. to Cic. Or. 45, 153), n. [Sanscr. root, vas-, to put on; vastram, clothing; Gr. hennumi, heima; Lat. vestis].
I.
In gen., a vessel, dish; also, a utensil, implement of any kind:
vasa ahena ex aedibus (rapere),
Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 61:
aliquod vasum argenteum Aut aliquod vasum ahenum,
id. Truc. 1, 1, 33:
nihil relinquo in aedibus Nec vas nec vestimentum,
Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 89:
corpus quasi vas est, aut aliquod animi receptaculum,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 22, 52; cf. Vulg. 1 Thess. 4, 4:
quassatis undique vasis, Diffluere umorem,
Lucr. 3, 435:
sincerum est nisi vas, quodcumque infundis acescit,
Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 54:
vinarium,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 27, § 62:
argentea,
id. ib.; Hor. S. 2, 7, 72:
Corinthia et Deliaca,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 46, 133:
Samia,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 41; Cic. Mur. 36, 75:
escaria,
Plin. 37, 2, 7, § 18.—Of implements for supporting any thing:
si vasa sint legata, non solum ea continentur, quae aliquid in se recipiunt edendi bibendique causā paratum, sed etiam quae aliquid sustineant: et ideo scutellas vel promulsidaria contineri,
Dig. 34, 2, 20.—
2.
Military equipments, baggage:
ille ex Siciliā jam castra commoverat et vasa collegerat,
had packed up, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 19, § 40:
vasa colligere,
Liv. 21, 47, 2; 27, 47, 8; cf.
trop.: vasa in senectute colligere,
Sen. Ep. 19, 1:
vasa conclamare,
to give the signal for packing up, Caes. B. C. 1, 66: 3, 37.—
3.
Agricultural implements:
vasa quae utilia culturae sunt, aratrum, ligones, sarcula, falces, bidentes,
Dig. 33, 7, 8.—
4.
Of beehives, Col. 9, 6, 1.—
5.
Of hunting implements, Grat. Cyn. 219.—
II.
In mal. part., Auct. Priap. 70; cf.
in a double sense,
Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 41.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > vasa
3 instrumentum

instrūmentum, i, n. [id.], an implement of any kind, a utensil, tool, instrument (class.).
I.
Lit.:
militare,
Caes. B. G. 6, 30:
culinarum argentea,
Just. 38, 10, 4:
crudelia jussae instrumenta necis,
Ov. M. 3, 698.—
2.
Esp., sing. collect., instruments, apparatus, material, stock, furniture (freq. and class.):
instrumentum ac ornamenta villae,
Cic. Dom. 24, 62:
orationes magna impensā magnoque instrumento tueri,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 21, § 53:
belli instrumentum et apparatus,
id. Ac. 2, 1, 3: rusticum, Phaedr. 4, 4, 24; Val. Max. 4, 4, 6:
hostium spolia, monumenta imperatorum, decora atque ornamenta fanorum, in instrumento atque in supellectile Verris nominabuntur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 44, § 97; cf. Pall. 1, 43, 1:
hibernorum,
Caes. B. C. 5, 31:
bellicum,
Liv. 42, 53, 4:
nauticum,
id. 30, 10, 3:
venatorium,
Plin. Ep. 3, 19, 3:
piscationis,
Paul. Sent. 3, 6, 41.—Esp., in law, the personalty, chattels, or stock of a farm, business, trade, etc.:
fundo legato, neque instrumentum fundi... ad legatarium pertinet,
Paul. Sent. 3, 6, 34:
instrumento cauponio legato, ea debentur, quae in cauponis usum parata sunt, velut vasa,
id. ib. 3, 6, 61:
pistoris,
id. ib. §
64: medici,
Dig. 33, 7, 18, § 10; cf.:
in fanis alia vasorum sunt et sacrae supellectilis, alia ornamentorum, quae vasorum sunt instrumenti instar habent, quibus sacrificia conficiuntur,
apparatus, Macr. S. 3, 11, 5. —
II.
Trop.
A.
Of writings, an instrument, document, record:
opus est intueri omne litis instrumentum,
Quint. 12, 8, 12:
aerearum tabularum tria milia... instrumentum imperii pulcherrimum ac vetustissimum,
Suet. Vesp. 8:
publici instrumenti auctoritas,
id. Calig. 8:
emtionis,
Dig. 24, 1, 58:
si scriptum fuerit instrumento, promisisse aliquem,
Paul. Sent. 5, 7, 2:
instrumentorum obligatio desideratur,
id. ib. 2, 17, 13. —
B.
Store, provision, supply, means, assistance, furtherance, etc.:
oratoris,
provision, supply, Cic. de Or. 1, 36, 165:
causarum,
id. ib. 2, 34, 146.— Absol.:
quid viatici, quid instrumenti satis sit,
i. e. for a journey, Cic. Att. 12, 32, 2:
instrumenta ad obtinendam sapientiam,
means, id. Leg. 1, 22, 59:
virtutis,
id. Cat. 2, 5, 9:
naturae,
id. Brut. 77, 268:
graviorum artium,
id. ib. 97:
dicendi,
Quint. 12, 11, 24:
ciborum,
i. e. organs of digestion, Plin. 7, 50, 51, § 168.—
C.
Ornament, embellishment:
felices ornent haec instrumenta libellos,
Ov. Tr. 1, 1, 9:
anilia,
apparel, dress, id. M. 14, 766; Suet. Aug. 73.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > instrumentum
4 σκεῦος

σκεῦος, εος, τό,

A vessel or implement of any kind, in sg., Ar.Th. 402, Th.4.128; in dual, σκεύη δύο χρησίμω Ar.Eq. 983
, cf. Pl.R. 596b; and in pl., κλῖναι καὶ.. τἆλλα σκεύη ib. 373a, al.:—but the pl. is freq. used in a collective sense, all that belongs to a complete outfit, house-gear, utensils, chattels, opp. live-stock and fixtures, Ar. Pax 1318, Lys.19.31, etc.; σ. γεωργικά farming implements, Ar. Pax 552; ἱερὰ ς. sacred vessels and implements, Th.2.13, cf. IG12.313.20; a druggist's stores, Thphr.HP9.17.3; σ. τὰ ἐπιτράπεζα table- furniture, Id.Lap.42; military accoutrements, equipment, τὰ περὶ τὸ σῶμα ς. Th.6.31; τὰ τῶν ἵππων ς. X.Cyr.4.5.55; baggage of an army, and, generally, baggage, luggage, Ar.Ra.12, 15, X.Mem.3.13.6; ὄνοι αὐτοῖς σκεύεσι packs and all, Id.HG5.4.17; tackle, gear of ships, naval stores, etc., IG12.74.14, 22.1611.10, Pl.Criti. 117d, La. 183e, X.Oec.8.11, Arist. Ath.46.1; σ. τριηρικά D.47.19
; τὰ σκέα ([etym.] σκεύη) τοῦ πλοίου PSI4.437.2
(iii B.C.) (so, collectively, in sg., Act.Ap.27.17): various kinds of σκεύη catalogued by Pollux (10).

2 inanimate object, thing, opp. ζῷον, σῶμα, Pl.R. 601d, Grg. 506d; opp. ὄργανον, Democr. 159; Protagoras gave the name of σκεύη to neut. nouns, ἄρρενα καὶ θήλεα καὶ σκεύη Arist.Rh. 1407b8
; ὑπηρετικὸν ς. a subordinate person, a mere tool or chattel, Plb.13.5.7; σ. ἀγχίνουν καὶ πολυχρόνιον Id.15.25.1
: in NT, in good sense, σ. ἐκλογῆς a chosen instrument, of Paul, Act.Ap.9.15.

II τὸ ς. the body, as the vessel of the soul, a metaph. clearly expressed in 2 Ep.Cor.4.7, ἔχομεν δὲ τὸν θησαυρὸν τοῦτον ἐν ὀστρακίνοις σκεύεσιν, cf. 1 Ep.Thess.4.4, 1 Ep.Pet. 3.7.

III = αἰδοῖον, APl.4.243 (Antist.), Ael.NA17.11.

IV sarcophagus, Jahresh.26 Beibl.13 (Ephesus, ii A.D.).

Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > σκεῦος
5 τεῦχος

τεῦχος, εος: implement of any kind, regularly pl., arms, armor, also tackling of a ship, Od. 15.218.

A Homeric dictionary (Greek-English) (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ομηρικό λεξικό) > τεῦχος
6 organum

orgănum, i, n., = organon, an implement, instrument, engine of any kind (mostly post-Aug.), Col. 3, 13, 12.—Of military or architectonic engines (whereas machina denotes one of a larger size and more complicated construction), Vitr. 10, 1.—Of musical instruments, a pipe, Quint. 11, 3, 20; 9, 4, 10; Juv. 6, 3, 80; Vulg. Gen. 4, 21; id. 2 Par. 34, 12 et saep.—Of hydraulic engines, an organ, water-organ:
organa hydraulica,
Suet. Ner. 41: aquatica, Mythogr. Lat. 3, 12.—Of a church-organ, Cass. Expos. in Psa. 150; Aug. Enarr. in Psa. 150, n. 7.—
B.
Transf.: organum oris, the tongue of a man, Prud. steph. 10, 2.—
II.
Trop., an implement, instrument, Quint. 1, 2, 30.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > organum
7 उपयन्त्र

upa-yantra
n. a minor orﾠ secondary instrument orﾠ implement (esp. in surg.) Suṡr. ;

a secondary application of any kind (as cautery, escharotics etc.) W.

Sanskrit-English dictionary > उपयन्त्र
8 τεῦχος

τεῦχος, εος, τό, ([etym.] τεύχω) prop.

A tool, implement:—but mostly in pl. τεύχεα,

I implements of war, armour, arms, freq. in [dialect] Ep.; more precisely, ἀρήϊα τεύχεα, πολεμήϊα τ., Il.14.381, 7.193; χρύσεια, χαλκήρεα, 10.439, 15.544; ποικίλα, αἰόλα παμφανόωντα, μαρμαίροντα, 3.327, 5.295, 18.617; always of a warrior's whole armour, harness, ἀρήϊα τεύχεα δύω 6.340
, cf. 7.193, al.; ἐς τεύχε' ἔδυνον Od.24.498
; κατὰ τεύχε' ἔδυν Il.4.222
, cf. 6.504, al.; Πάτροκλον περὶ τεύχεα ἕσσε 18.451
; ἀπέδυσε, ἐξεδύοντο, 4.532, 3.114, cf. 13.182, al.; also χαλκήρεα τεύχε' ἀπ' ὤμων συλήσειν 15.544
; Ἕκτορι δ' ἥρμοσε τεύχε' ἐπὶ χροΐ 17.210
: Trag. τεύχη A.Myrm.
in PSI11.1211.17, S.Aj. 572, 577, E.Andr. 617, etc.; un[var] contr. τεύχεα S.Ph. 398
(lyr.).

2 pl. also, the gear of a ship, oars and the like , ἐγκοσμεῖτε τὰ τ. νηΐ μελαίνῃ Od.15.218
; τ. δέ σφ' ἀπένεικαν 16.326
.

II in Trag. (rarely in Prose, v. infr.) a vessel of any kind, e.g. bathing-tub, A.Ag. 1128 (lyr., Blomf. κύτει, metri gr.); cinerary urn, τεύχη καὶ σποδός ib. 435 (lyr.), cf. S.El. 1114, 1120, Riv.Fil.57.379 ([place name] Crete); balloting-urn, A. Ag. 815, Eu. 742; vase for libations, Id.Ch.99, E.IT 168 (lyr.); vase or ewer for water, Id.Hec. 609, Andr. 167, Diocl.Fr.129; cup, E. Ion 1184; amphora, A.Fr. 108; scent-pot, ib.180.5 (pl.); matula, S.Fr. 565; pot or jar, X.An.5.4.28; ξύλινα τ. chests, ib.7.5.14; ἀλφίτων τ. a meal- barrel, Id.HG1.7.11; bee-hive, Arist.HA 625a26; capsule of a poppy, Nic.Fr.74.52.

III Medic., of the vessels of the body, Hp.Loc.Hom.1,24; also, the human frame, body, as holding the intestines, Id.Epid.6.2.1, Arist.Phgn. 810b19; τεῦχος νεοσσῶν λευκόν an egg, E.Hel. 258.

IV case for holding papyrus rolls, ά τεύχους, ά τόμου, κολλήματος ρδ' PRyl.220.78
(ii A.D.); roll of writing-material, πεποίηται διπλῆν τὴν.. ἀναγραφὴν ἐν βυβλίνοις καὶ δερματίνοις τεύχεσιν Inscr.Prien.114.30
, cf. 11 (i B.C); κελεύσας εἰς τάξιν ἀποδοῦναι τὰ τ. Aristeas 179; καθὼς ἀνεγνώσθη τὰ τ. Id.310, cf. Sm.Is.8.1 (where LXX has τόμος) ; βίβλων.. ἐν τεύχεϊ τῷδε πεντάς AP9.239
(Crin.); τ. βιβλειδίων BGU970.4
(ii A.D.); τ. συγκολλησίμων βιβλειδίων POxy.2131.4
(iii A.D.); τ. = volumen, Gloss.: hence πεντάτευχος, ὀκτάτευχος.

V masonry, fabric, ἀνεκτίσθη τὸ τ. τοῦτο Sammelb.7439.7
(vi A.D.).

Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > τεῦχος
9 oponerse a

v.

1 to oppose, to balk at, to fight, to act in opposition to.

María enfrentó a la chismosa Mary confronted the gossip.

2 to be opposed to, to refuse to.

* * *

(v.) = be averse to, combat, contravene, resist, be set against, be contrary to, be hostile to, stand up to, argue against, go + head-to-head with, be negatively disposed to, object to, stand in + opposition to, run up against, line up against

Ex. Some respondents were not averse to describing IT merely as another bandwagon.

Ex. The faithful adherents of the ideology of the finding catalog were determined to combat the unwelcome intrusion of Panizzi's scheme before the Royal Commission.

Ex. Any mis-spellings, poor grammar and verbose phrasing and any other features that contravene good abstracting practice must be eliminated.

Ex. Abstracts are, it must be noted, covered by copyright provisions, and an author may resist direct copying of his abstract.

Ex. The difficulty for teachers is that they cannot just duck away when children, individually or corporately, are set against what is being asked of them.

Ex. This is a rather unexpected conclusion, and is of course contrary to most of what has been stated in this text; it is also contrary to the experience of large numbers of librarians, who have found that controlled vocabularies are helpful in practice.

Ex. Although he recognized the need for some forms of synthesis, Bliss was hostile to the idea of complete analysis and synthesis put forward by Ranganathan.

Ex. In their role as mediator between the scholar and the information system, academic librarians should stand up to, and challenge the censorship and suppression that takes place during academic controversy.

Ex. Some teachers argue against book clubs, claiming that they bring together only a certain kind of avid reader, the literary equivalent of the religiously effete and over-pious.

Ex. We went head-to-head with those that wanted a uniform look for the whole library Website! = Nos enfrentamos a aquellos que querían un aspecto uniforme en el diseño de todo el sitio web de la biblioteca.

Ex. The 2 remaining teachers -- the resisters -- were negatively disposed to the innovations and failed to implement them.

Ex. In one library, the director objected to the category heading 'Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender' = En una biblioteca, el director se opuso a que se utilizase la categoría "Gay, Lesbiana, Bisexual y Transexual".

Ex. Ideologies stand in opposition to scientific claims for truth.

Ex. Some of the information from the EEC Government in Brussels is provided off the record, which sometimes runs up against the UK Government's wall of secrecy.

Ex. The author examines claims by Microsoft's Bill Gates that networked computers have no future, and looks at the opposition lining up against him.

* * *

(v.) = be averse to, combat, contravene, resist, be set against, be contrary to, be hostile to, stand up to, argue against, go + head-to-head with, be negatively disposed to, object to, stand in + opposition to, run up against, line up against

Ex: Some respondents were not averse to describing IT merely as another bandwagon.

Ex: The faithful adherents of the ideology of the finding catalog were determined to combat the unwelcome intrusion of Panizzi's scheme before the Royal Commission.

Ex: Any mis-spellings, poor grammar and verbose phrasing and any other features that contravene good abstracting practice must be eliminated.

Ex: Abstracts are, it must be noted, covered by copyright provisions, and an author may resist direct copying of his abstract.

Ex: The difficulty for teachers is that they cannot just duck away when children, individually or corporately, are set against what is being asked of them.

Ex: This is a rather unexpected conclusion, and is of course contrary to most of what has been stated in this text; it is also contrary to the experience of large numbers of librarians, who have found that controlled vocabularies are helpful in practice.

Ex: Although he recognized the need for some forms of synthesis, Bliss was hostile to the idea of complete analysis and synthesis put forward by Ranganathan.

Ex: In their role as mediator between the scholar and the information system, academic librarians should stand up to, and challenge the censorship and suppression that takes place during academic controversy.

Ex: Some teachers argue against book clubs, claiming that they bring together only a certain kind of avid reader, the literary equivalent of the religiously effete and over-pious.

Ex: We went head-to-head with those that wanted a uniform look for the whole library Website! = Nos enfrentamos a aquellos que querían un aspecto uniforme en el diseño de todo el sitio web de la biblioteca.

Ex: The 2 remaining teachers -- the resisters -- were negatively disposed to the innovations and failed to implement them.

Ex: In one library, the director objected to the category heading 'Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender' = En una biblioteca, el director se opuso a que se utilizase la categoría "Gay, Lesbiana, Bisexual y Transexual".

Ex: Ideologies stand in opposition to scientific claims for truth.

Ex: Some of the information from the EEC Government in Brussels is provided off the record, which sometimes runs up against the UK Government's wall of secrecy.

Ex: The author examines claims by Microsoft's Bill Gates that networked computers have no future, and looks at the opposition lining up against him.

Spanish-English dictionary > oponerse a
10 Artificial Intelligence

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inﬂated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins ﬂy? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can ﬂy, so robins probably can ﬂy."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
11 यन्त्रम् _yantram

यन्त्रम् [यन्त्र्-अच्]

1 That which restrains or fastens, any prop or support, a stay; as in गृहयन्त्र (see the quotation under this word.).

-2 A fetter, band, fastening, tie, thong, rein; छेदने चैव यन्त्राणाम् Ms.8.292.

-3 A surgical instrument, especially a blunt instrument (opp. शस्त्र).

-4 Any instrument or machine, an appliance, a contrivance, implement in general; कूपयन्त्र Mk.1.6 'a machine for drawing up water from a well'; so तैल˚ (cf. यन्त्रं तिलपीडनकम् Chandu Paṇdita on N.1.6;22.87); जल˚ &c.

-5 A bolt, lock, key; यन्त्रैरुद्घाटयामास सो$पश्यत् तत्र बालकम् Mb.3.39.6.

-6 Restraint, force.

-7 An amulet, a mystical or astrono- mical diagram used as an amulet.

-8 A boring machine; दन्तौघयन्त्रोद्भवश्वभ्राली N.22.15.

-Comp. -आरूढ a. mounted on the revolving engine; भ्रामयन् सर्वभूतानि यन्त्रारूढानि मायया Bg.

-आलयः a printing-press.

-उपलः a mill, mill-stone.

-करण्डिका a kind of magical basket.

-कर्मकृत् m. an artist, artisan.

-कोविदः a mechanist; Rām.2.8.2 (com. यन्त्रकोविदाः क्षेपणीयादि- यन्त्रकरणकुशलाः).

-गृहम् 1 an oil-mill.

-2 a manu- factory.

-3 a torture-chamber; Buddh.

-गोलः 1 a kind of pea.

-2 a canon-ball.

-चेष्टितम् any magical work, an enchantment.

-तक्षन् m.

1 a constructor of machines.

-2 a preparer of charms.

-तोरणम् a mechanical arch (fitted with contrivances to move it).

-दृढ a. secured by a bolt (as a door).

-धारागृहम् a room fitted with shower-bath; a bath-room.

-नालम् a mechanical pipe or tube.

-पुत्रकः, -पुत्रिका a mechanical doll, a puppet furnished with contrivances, such as strings, for moving the limbs.

-पेषणी a hand-mill.

-प्रवाहः an artifi- cial stream of water; यन्त्रप्रवाहैः शिशिरैः परीतान् R.16.49.

-बद्ध a. having a mechanical contrivance; यन्त्रबद्धतलाव- पातं कारयेत् Kau. A.1.2.

-मार्गः a canal or an aque- duct.

-मुक्तम् a kind of weapon.

-विधिः m. the science of surgical instruments.

-शरः an arrow or any missile shot off by means of machinery.

-सद्मन् n. an oil-mill.

-सूत्रम् the cord attached to the mechanism of a doll or puppet.

Sanskrit-English dictionary > यन्त्रम् _yantram
12 यज्ञः _yajñḥ

यज्ञः [यज्-भावे न]

1 A sacrifice, sacrificial rite; any offering or oblation; यज्ञेन यज्ञमयजन्त देवाः; तस्माद्यज्ञात् सर्वहुतः &c.; यज्ञाद् भवति पर्जन्यो यज्ञः कर्मसमुद्भवः Bg.3.14.

-2 An act of worship, any pious or devotional act. (Every householder, but particularly a Brāhmaṇa, has to perform five such devotional acts every day; their names are:-- भूतयज्ञ, मनुष्ययज्ञ, पितृयज्ञ, देवयज्ञ, and ब्रह्मयज्ञ, which are collectively called the five 'great sacrifices'; see महायज्ञ, and the five words separately.)

-3 N. of Agni.

-4 Of Viṣṇu; ऋषयो यैः पराभाव्य यज्ञघ्नान् यज्ञमीजिरे Bhāg.3.22.3.

-Comp. -अंशः a share of sacrifice ˚भुज् m. a deity, god; निबोध यज्ञांशभुजामिदानीम् Ku.3.14.

-अ(आ)गारः, -रम् a sacrificial hall.

-अङ्गम् 1 a part of a sacrifice.

-2 any sacrificial requisite, a means of a sacrifice; यज्ञाङ्गयोनित्वमवेक्ष्य यस्य Ku.1.17.

(-गः) 1 the glomerous figtree (उदुम्बर).

-2 the Khadira tree.

-3 N. of Viṣṇu.

-4 the black-spotted antelope.

-अन्तः 1 the completion of a sacrifice.

-2 an ablution at the end of a sacrifice for purification.

-3 a supplementary sacri- fice. ˚कृत् m. N. of Viṣṇu.

-अरिः an epithet of Śiva.

-अर्ह a.

1 deserving sacrifice.

-2 fit for a sacrifice. (-m. dual) an epithet of the Aśvins.

-अवयवः N. of Viṣṇu.

-अशनः a god.

-आत्मन् m.

-ईश्वरः N. of Viṣṇu.

-आयुधम् an implement of a sacrifice. These are said to be ten in number; स्पयश्च कपालानि च अग्निहोत्रहवणी च शूर्पं च कृष्णाजिनं च शम्या चोलूखलं च मुसलं च दृषच्चोपला एतानि वै दश यज्ञायुधानीति (quoted in ŚB. on MS.4.7.)

-ईशः 1 N. of Viṣṇu.

-2 of the sun.

-इष्टम् a kind of grass (दीर्घरोहिततृण).

-उपकरणम् any utensil or implement necessary for a sacrifice.

-उपवीतम् the sacred thread worn by members of the first three classes (and now even of other lower castes) over the left shoulder and under the right arm; see Ms.2.63; वामांसावलम्बिना यज्ञोपवीतेनोद्भासमानः K.; कौशं सूत्रं त्रिस्त्रिवृतं यज्ञोपवीतम्...... Baudhāyana; (originally यज्ञोपवीत was the ceremony of investiture with the sacred thread).

-उपासक a. performing sacrifices.

-कर्मन् a. engaged in a sacrifice. (-n.) a sacrificial rite.

-कल्प a. of the nature of a sacrifice or sacrificial offering.

-कालः the last lunar day of every fortnight (full-moon and new- moon).

-कीलकः a post to which the sacrificial victim is fastened.

-कुण्डम् a hole in the ground made for receiving the sacrificial fire.

-कृत् a. performing a sacrifice. (-m.)

1 N. of Viṣṇu.

-2 a priest conducting a sacrifice.

-क्रतुः 1 a sacrificial rite; Ait. Br.7.15.

-2 a complete rite or chief ceremony.

-3 an epithet of Viṣṇu; ईजे च भगवन्तं यज्ञक्रतुरूपम् Bhāg.5.7.5.

-क्रिया a sacrificial rite.

-गम्य a. accessible by sacrifice (Viṣṇu).

-गुह्यः N. of Kṛiṣṇa.

-घ्नः a demon who interrupts a sacrifice.

-त्रातृ m. N. of Viṣṇu.

-दक्षिणा a sacrificial gift, the fee given to the priests who per- form a sacrifice.

-दीक्षा 1 admission or initiation to a sacrificial rite.

-2 performance of a sacrifice; (जननम्) तृतीयं यज्ञदीक्षायां द्विजस्य श्रुतिचोदनात् Ms.2.169.

-द्रव्यम् anything (e. g. a vessel) used for a sacrifice.

-द्रुह् m. an evil spirit, a demon.

-धीर a. conversant with wor- ship or sacrifice.

-पतिः 1 one who institutes a sacrifice. See यजमान.

-2 N. of Viṣṇu.

-पत्नी the wife of the institutor of a sacrifice.

-पशुः 1 an animal for sacrifice, a sacrificial victim.

-2 a horse.

-पात्रम्, -भाण्डम् a sacrificial vessel.

-पुंस्, -पुमान् m. N. of Viṣṇu.

-पुरुषः, -फलदः epithets of Viṣṇu.

-बाहुः N. of Agni.

-भागः 1 a portion of a sacrifice, a share in the sacrificial offerings.

-2 a god, deity. ˚ईश्वरः N. of Indra. ˚भुज् m. a god, deity.

-भावनः N. of Viṣṇu.

-भावित a. honoured with sacrifice; इष्टान् भोगान् हि वो देवा दास्यन्ते यज्ञभाविताः Bg.3.12.

-भुज् m. a god.

-भूमिः f. a place for sacri- fice, a sacrificial ground.

-भूषणः white darbha grass.

-भृत् m. an epithet of Viṣṇu.

-भोक्तृ m. an epithet of Viṣṇu or Kṛiṣṇa.

-महीत्सवः a great sacrificial care- mony.

-योगः the Udumbara tree.

-रसः, -रेतस् n. Soma.

-वराहः Viṣṇu in his boar incarnation.

-वल्लिः, -ल्ली f. the Soma plant.

-वाटः a place prepared and enclosed for a sacrifice.

-वाह a. conducting a sacrifice.

-वाहनः 1 an epithet of Viṣṇu.

-2 a Brahmaṇa.

-3 N. of Śiva.

-वीर्यः N. of Viṣṇu.

-वृक्षः the fig-tree.

-वेदिः, -दी f. the sacrificial altar.

-शरणम् a sacrificial shed or hall, a temporary structure under which a sacri- fice is performed ; M.5.

-शाला a sacrificial hall.

-शिष्टम्, -शेषः -षम् the remains of a sacrifice; यज्ञशिष्टाशिनः सन्तो मुच्यन्ते सर्वकिल्बिषैः Bg.3.13; यज्ञशेषं तथामृतम् Ms.3.285.

-शील a. zealously performing sacrifice; यद् धनं यज्ञशीलानां देवस्वं तद् विदुर्बुधाः Ms.11.2.

-श्रेष्ठा the Soma plant.

-संस्तरः the act of setting up the sacrificial bricks; यज्ञ- संस्तरविद्भिश्च Mb.1.7.42.

-सदस् n. a number of people at a sarifice.

-संभारः materials necessary for a sacri- fice.

-सारः an epithet of Viṣṇu.

-सिद्धिः f. the comple- tion of a sacrifice.

-सूत्रम् see यज्ञोपवीत; अन्यः कृष्णाजिन- मदाद् यज्ञसूत्रं तथापरः Rām.1.4.21.

-सेनः an epithet of king Drupada.

-स्थाणुः a sacrificial post.

-हन् m.,

-हनः epithets of Śiva.

-हुत् m. a sacrificial priest.

Sanskrit-English dictionary > यज्ञः _yajñḥ
13 नाडिः _nāḍiḥ _डी _ḍī

नाडिः डी f.

1 The tubular stalk of any plant.

-2 The hollow stalk of a lotus &c; स इत्थमुद्वीक्ष्य तदब्द- नालनाडीभिरन्तर्जलमाविवेश Bhāg.3.8.19.

-3 Any tubu- lar organ of the body (such as an artery, vein); ष़डधिकदशनाडीचक्रमध्यस्थितात्मा Māl.5.1,2.

-4 A pipe, flute.

-5 A fistulous sore, fistula, sinus.

-6 The pulse at the hand or foot.

-7 A measure of time equal to twenty-four minutes.

-8 A period of time = 1/2 Muhūrta.

-9 A sort of bent grass.

-1 A juggling trick.

-11 A leather-string; L. D. B.

-12 A weaver's implement; L. D. B.

-Comp. -चक्रम् a group of tubular organs of the body such as: मूलाधार, स्वाधिष्ठान, मणिपुर, अनाहत, विशुद्धि, आज्ञाचक्र, सहस्राधार; Pātañjala; ष़डधिकदशनाडीचक्मध्यस्थितात्मा, Māl.5.1.

-चरणः a bird.

-चीरम् 1 a small reed.

-2 a tube round which the woof is wound.

-जङ्घः 1 a crow.

-2 a kind of crane; नाडीजङ्घो निजघ्ने कृततदुपकृतिर्यत्कृते गौतमेन Nāg.4.15.

-तरङ्गः 1 an astrologer.

-2 a debau- cher, ravisher.

-नक्षत्रम् = जन्मनक्षत्र q. v.

-परीक्षा feeling the pulse.

-पात्रम् a kind of water-clock.

-मण्डलम् the celestial equator.

-यन्त्रम् any tubular instrument.

-वलयम् equinoctical circle.

-व्रणः sinus, an ulcer, a fistula.

-स्वेदः steam-bath through tubes.

Sanskrit-English dictionary > नाडिः _nāḍiḥ _डी _ḍī
14 द्रोण

dróṇa
n. (fr. 4. dru) a wooden vessel, bucket, trough etc.;

a Soma vessel RV. MBh. etc. (ifc. f. ā Hcat.);
+ cf. Zd. draona
m. n. a measure of capacity (= 4 Āḍhakas= 16 Pushkalas = 128 Kuñcis = 1024 Mushṭis, orﾠ = 200 Palas = 3/20 Kumbha, orﾠ = 1/16 Kharī= 4 Aḍhakas, orﾠ = 2 Aḍhakas= 1/2 Ṡūrpa= 64 Ṡeras, orﾠ = 32 Ṡeras) Mn. Yājñ. MBh. Suṡr. etc.;
a measure for measuring fields (as much land as is sown with a Dróṇa of corn) Col.;
n. an altar shaped like a trough Ṡulbas. III, 216 ;
m. a lake orﾠ large piece of water of 400 poles length L. ;
a kind of cloud (from which the rain streams forth as from a bucket) L. (cf. - megha andﾠ - vṛishṭi below);
a raven orﾠ crow L. (cf. - kāka);
a scorpion (cf. druṇa);
a kind of plant (prob. Leucas Linifolia) L. ;
N. of one of the 8 Vasus (husband of Abhimati andﾠ father of Harsha, Ṡoka, Bhsya etc.) BhP. ;
of a Brāhman said to have been generated by Bharad-vāja in a bucket (the military preceptor of both the Kuru andﾠ Paṇḍu princes;
afterwards king of a part of Pañcāla andﾠ general of the Kurus, the husband of Kṛipī andﾠ father of Aṡvatthāman) MBh. Hariv. Pur. etc.;
of one of the 4 sons of Mandapāla andﾠ Jaritā (born as birds) MBh. I, 8345 » etc.
(as author of RV. X, 142, 3, 4, with the patr. Sārṇga);
of a Brāhman Pañc. ;
of sev. other men VP. ;
of sev. mountains ib. ;
(ā) f. a kind of shrub L. ;
N. of a daughter of Ṡiṇha-hanu Buddh. ;
(ī) f. a wooden trough orﾠ tub MBh. Hariv. R. etc.;
any vessel orﾠ implement'made of wood» L. ;
a measure of capacity (= 2 Sūrpas = 128 Ṡeras) L. ;
a valley, Malatim. IX, 0/1 Pur. ;
a kind of creeper Bhpr. ;
of coloquintida (= indra-círbitī) L. ;
of salt L. ;
N. of a country, of a mountain andﾠ of a river L. ;
- द्रोणकलश
- द्रोणकाक
- द्रोणकाकल
- द्रोणक्षीरा
- द्रोणगन्धिका
- द्रोणघा
- द्रोणचित्
- द्रोणचिति
- द्रोणदुग्धा
- द्रोणदुघा
- द्रोणपदी
- द्रोणपर्णी
- द्रोणपर्वन्
- द्रोणपुष्प
- द्रोणपुष्पी
- द्रोणमय
- द्रोणमाना
- द्रोणमुख
- द्रोणमेघ
- द्रोणम्पच
- द्रोणरिपु
- द्रोणवृष्टि
- द्रोणशर्मपद
- द्रोणसाच्
- द्रोणसिंह
- द्रोणस्तूप

Sanskrit-English dictionary > द्रोण
15 cambio

m.

1 change.

se ha producido un cambio de situación the situation has changed, there has been a change in the situation

a las primeras de cambio at the first opportunity

cambio climático climate change (calentamiento global)

cambio de domicilio change of address

cambio horario = putting clocks back or forward one hour (bianual)

cambio de gobierno change of government

cambio de rasante (automobiles) brow of a hill

cambio de sentido U-turn

2 exchange (intercambio).

(oficina de) cambio bureau de change (en letrero)

a cambio (de) in exchange o return (for)

no pido nada a cambio I'm not asking for anything back o in return

3 change (monedas).

nos hemos quedado sin cambio(s) we're out of change

¿tiene cambio de cinco mil? have you got change of o for five thousand?

quédese con el cambio keep the change

4 price (finance) (de acciones).

libre cambio free trade; (comercio) floating exchange rates (de divisas)

5 substitution, change (sport) (sustitución).

hacer un cambio to make a substitution o change

pres.indicat.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: cambiar.

* * *

cambio

► nombre masculino

1 change, changing

■ un cambio de tiempo a change in the weather

2 (intercambio) exchange, exchanging

■ cambio de impresiones exchange of views

3 (dinero suelto) change, loose change; (vuelta) change

■ ¿me puedes dar cambio de cien euros? can you change a hundred euros?

■ me has dado mal el cambio you've given me the wrong change

4 (acciones) price, quotation; (divisas) exchange rate

5 (tren) switch

6 AUTOMÓVIL gear change

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a cambio de in exchange for

■ me dio dos libros a cambio del disco he gave me two books in exchange for the record

a las primeras de cambio figurado at the first opportunity

en cambio on the other hand, but, whereas

■ tú no puedes cantar, en cambio él sí you can't sing, but he can

caja de cambio AUTOMÓVIL gearbox

cambio automático AUTOMÓVIL automatic transmission

cambio de la guardia changing of the guard

cambio de marchas (acción) gear change 2 (caja) gearbox

cambio de planes change of plans

casa de cambio bureau de change

libre cambio free trade

* * *

noun m.

1) change

2) alteration

3) exchange, swap

•

- a cambio
- en cambio
* * *

SM

1) (=variación) change

ha habido un cambio de planes — there has been a change of plan

el matrimonio supuso un cambio radical en mi vida — marriage meant a complete change in my life

el entrenador ha hecho ya tres cambios en lo que va de partido — the coach has already made three substitutions o changes so far in the match

estamos en la época de cambio entre el otoño y el invierno — we are in the changeover period between autumn and winter

• necesito un cambio de aires — I need a change of scene

• siempre nos veíamos durante el cambio de clase — we always used to meet in the break between classes

• un cambio para mejor/peor — a change for the better/worse

cambio climático — climatic change

cambio de agujas — (Ferro) points junction, switch junction (EEUU)

cambio de domicilio — change of address

cambio de gobierno — [completo] change of government; [parcial] reshuffle

cambio de guardia — changing of the guard

cambio de impresiones — exchange of views

cambio de la marea — turn of the tide

cambio de línea — (Inform) line feed

cambio de marchas — (=acción) gear change; (=mecanismo) gear stick, gearshift (EEUU)

hacer el cambio de marchas — to change gear

un coche con cambio automático de marchas — a car with an automatic gearbox

cambio de opinión — change of opinion, turn in opinion

cambio de página — (Inform) form feed

cambio de pareja — change of partners ( in dancing)

cambio de rasante, prohibido adelantar en un cambio de rasante — no overtaking on the brow of a hill

cambio de sentido — change of direction

cambio de sexo — sex change

cambio de tercio — (Taur) change of stage ( in a bullfight)

se produjo un cambio de tercio en la conversación — the conversation changed direction o subject

cambio de velocidades — = cambio de marchas

cambio de vía — (Ferro) points pl, switches pl (EEUU)

hacer el cambio de vía — to go through the points o switches

cambio genético — genetic change

2) (=intercambio) exchange, swap *

hicimos un cambio de coche — we exchanged cars, we swapped cars *

salimos ganando con el cambio — the exchange worked out in our favour

3) (Econ)

a) (=dinero suelto) change

no tengo cambio para el teléfono — I don't have any change for the phone

¿tienes cambio de 50 euros? — do you have change for 50 euros?, can you change 50 euros?

quédese con el cambio — keep the change

te han dado mal el cambio — they've given you the wrong change

b) [de moneda extranjera] (=tipo) exchange rate

son 40 dólares al cambio — that is 40 dollars at the current exchange rate

al cambio del mes de febrero — at the February exchange rate

Cambio — Bureau de Change, Change

cambio a término — forward exchange

cambio de divisas — foreign exchange

4)

• a cambio — in return, in exchange

lo ganó todo sin ceder nada a cambio — he won it all without giving anything in return

"admitimos su coche usado a cambio" — "cars taken in part exchange", "trade-ins accepted"

• a cambio de — in return for, in exchange for

reclamaba dinero a cambio de su silencio — he demanded money in return o exchange for keeping quiet (about it)

5)

• en cambio — whereas

yo nunca llego a tiempo, en cambio ella es muy puntual — I never arrive on time, whereas she is very punctual

¿pero qué ha sucedido en cambio? — but instead, what has happened?

* * *

masculino

1)

a) (alteración, modificación) change

cambio de algo — <de planes/domicilio> change of something

un brusco cambio de temperatura — a sudden change in temperature

un cambio de aires or ambiente — a change of scene

una operación de cambio de sexo — a sex-change operation

a la primera de cambio — (fam) at the first opportunity

b) (Auto) gearshift (AmE), gear change (BrE)

meta el cambio — (AmL) put it in gear

un coche con cinco cambios — (AmL) a car with a five-speed gearbox

- cambio de escena

- cambio de guardia

- cambio de marchas o velocidades

- cambio de marchas automático

- cambio de rasante

- cambio de vía

2)

a) ( canje) exchange

saliste perdiendo con el cambio — you lost out in the deal

no se admiten cambios — goods cannot be exchanged

b) (en locs)

a cambio (de) — in exchange (for), in return (for)

en cambio: a él le gusta a mí en cambio no he likes it but I don't; el autobús es agotador, en cambio el tren es muy agradable — the bus is exhausting; the train however o on the other hand is very pleasant

3)

a) (Fin) ( de moneda extranjera) exchange

cambio de divisas — foreign exchange

¿a cómo está el cambio? — what's the exchange rate?

cambio — bureau de change, change

al cambio del día — at the current exchange rate; libre I 1)

b) ( diferencia) change

me ha dado mal el cambio — he's given me the wrong change

c) ( dinero suelto) change

¿tienes cambio de mil? — can you change a thousand pesetas?

necesito cambio — I need some change

* * *

masculino

1)

a) (alteración, modificación) change

cambio de algo — <de planes/domicilio> change of something

un brusco cambio de temperatura — a sudden change in temperature

un cambio de aires or ambiente — a change of scene

una operación de cambio de sexo — a sex-change operation

a la primera de cambio — (fam) at the first opportunity

b) (Auto) gearshift (AmE), gear change (BrE)

meta el cambio — (AmL) put it in gear

un coche con cinco cambios — (AmL) a car with a five-speed gearbox

- cambio de escena

- cambio de guardia

- cambio de marchas o velocidades

- cambio de marchas automático

- cambio de rasante

- cambio de vía

2)

a) ( canje) exchange

saliste perdiendo con el cambio — you lost out in the deal

no se admiten cambios — goods cannot be exchanged

b) (en locs)

a cambio (de) — in exchange (for), in return (for)

en cambio: a él le gusta a mí en cambio no he likes it but I don't; el autobús es agotador, en cambio el tren es muy agradable — the bus is exhausting; the train however o on the other hand is very pleasant

3)

a) (Fin) ( de moneda extranjera) exchange

cambio de divisas — foreign exchange

¿a cómo está el cambio? — what's the exchange rate?

cambio — bureau de change, change

al cambio del día — at the current exchange rate; libre I 1)

b) ( diferencia) change

me ha dado mal el cambio — he's given me the wrong change

c) ( dinero suelto) change

¿tienes cambio de mil? — can you change a thousand pesetas?

necesito cambio — I need some change

* * *

cambio¹

¹ = adaptive response, alteration, change, editing, modulation, move, recasting, redesign, rotation, shift, transfer, transformation, changeover [change-over], disturbance, mutation, permeability, reformation, switchover, reverse, shift away from, shifting, changing of the guard, swing, bartering, switch, switching, change.

Ex: It is too early to assess the success of the adaptive responses which have been instituted in most SLIS.

Ex: A musical adaptation is a musical work that represents a distinct alteration of another work (e.g. a free transcription), a work that paraphrases parts of various works or the general style of another composer, or a work that is merely based on other music (e.g. variations on a them).

Ex: These changes have meant modifications, some very time-consuming, to serials catalogues in libraries.

Ex: To ensure further that all the index entries generated by chain procedure are indeed helpful, the initial analysis of the chain may require editing.

Ex: There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.

Ex: Better flexibility is achieved if the heating, ventilation and lighting can accommodate this move without the need for any alterations.

Ex: This kind of large-scale recasting offers an opportunity for the scheme to go forward rather than stagnate until it is completely taken by events.

Ex: This action was the redesign of the enquiry form in order to elicit more information from the enquirer.

Ex: The entries that result from the rotation mechanism have standard layout, punctuation and typography, all of which have been pre-programmed.

Ex: Transitory circumstances of daily life are what cause these shifts.

Ex: When the record transfer is complete, the catalog summary screen is shown for the new record so that the user can review and update it.

Ex: Hungary faces far-reaching socio-economic transformation which will inevitably affect libraries as well.

Ex: The changeover has resulted in more rapid machine-editing of input and reduced costs for cataloguing.

Ex: A centralised system was chosen to ensure speedy receipt and dissemination with minimal disturbances.

Ex: The very meanings of words like 'library' and 'university' are about to undergo mutations too radical to conceive, much less predict = Los significados mismos de palabras como "biblioteca" y "universidad" están a punto de experimentar cambios demasiado radicales de concevir y cuanto mucho menos de predecir.

Ex: There is greater permeability than before between different types of library at the start of a career but, once settled in a post, fewer librarians than before change from one type of library to another.

Ex: The author presents suggestions for the reformation of medical library education.

Ex: The transition date for the switchover is 1 Oct 2000.

Ex: Moreover, we conclude that the process of placing a feminist stamp on working relations is both far from complete and subject to reverses.

Ex: This article discusses the effects of changes in the economy on the distribution of work in libraries which indicate a shift away from its female origins.

Ex: This article considers the use of a spreadsheet in the shifting of periodicals collections in order to save time.

Ex: The recent reorganization has resulted in a merger of the academic and public divisions and a changing of the guard among the company's top officials.

Ex: The addition of new feedback techniques produced a significant swing in favour of the application.

Ex: Holdings will become increasingly important as a bartering tool to gain additional access benefits.

Ex: Office automation have brought about a switch to a paperless office.

Ex: These 'spuriously loyal' customers are not willing to churn just because of switching costs.

Ex: Most libraries maintain a small cash float for the giving of change and, in addition, money/ is received in payment of fines.

* a cambio = in return.

* a cambio de = in exchange for, in return for.

* a cambio de nada = for nothing.

* aceptar el cambio = embrace + change.

* aceptar un cambio = accommodate + change.

* adaptarse al cambio = accommodate to + change, adapt to + change.

* adaptarse a los cambios = flow with + the tides.

* adoptar un cambio = adopt + change, accommodate + change.

* agente de cambio = agent of(for) change, force for change, force of change.

* agente del cambio = change agent.

* aires de cambio = wind(s) of change, the, seas of change, the.

* cambio a = flight to.

* cambio brusco = revulsion, flip-flop.

* cambio brusco de velocidad del viento = wind shear.

* cambio climático = climate change, climatic change.

* cambio cualitativo = step change, qualitative change.

* cambio cuantitativo = quantitative change.

* cambio cultural = cultural change.

* cambio de actitud = change in attitude, change of heart.

* cambio de aires = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene, greener pastures, pastures new.

* cambio de ambiente = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene.

* cambio de aspecto = lick of paint.

* cambio de ciudadanía = change of citizenship.

* cambio de dirección = change of hands.

* cambio de dueño = change of hands.

* cambio de énfasis = shift of emphasis, shift in emphasis.

* cambio de entorno = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene.

* cambio de hora estacional = daylight saving time.

* cambio de idea = change of heart, change of mind.

* cambio de imagen = makeover [make-over], makeover [make-over].

* cambio de instalación eléctrica = rewiring.

* cambio de la guardia = changing of the guard.

* cambio de look = lick of paint.

* cambio de lugar = relocation.

* cambio de manos = change of hands.

* cambio de mirada = gaze-shift.

* cambio demográfico = population trend.

* cambio de nacionalidad = change of citizenship.

* cambio de nombre = rebranding.

* cambio de opinión = change of heart, change of mind.

* cambio de orientación = paradigm change, paradigm shift.

* cambio de paradigma = paradigm change, paradigm shift.

* cambio de parecer = change of heart, change of mind.

* cambio de procedimiento = procedural change.

* cambio de propietario = change of hands.

* cambio de proveedor = churn.

* cambio de registro = code switching.

* cambio de residencia = resettlement.

* cambio de servicio = churn.

* cambio de sexo = sex change.

* cambio de título = title change.

* cambio escénico = scene changing.

* cambio estacional = seasonal change.

* cambio hormonal = hormonal change.

* cambio inesperado = twist.

* cambio institucional = institutional change.

* cambio metereológico = weather modification.

* cambio + ocurrir = change + take place.

* cambio + producirse = change + come about.

* cambio profundo = profound change.

* cambio radical = revulsion, sea change, radical change.

* cambio radical de postura = about-face.

* cambio revolucionario = revolutionary change.

* cambios = second thoughts, ebb and flow.

* cambio social = social change, societal change.

* cambio + suceder = change + take place.

* cambio + tener lugar = change + take place.

* cambio total = turnabout [turn-about], turnaround.

* cambio transformador = transformative change, transforming change.

* cambio traumático = traumatic change.

* cambio vertiginoso = spiral of change.

* clima de cambio = climate of change.

* efectuar cambios = wreak + changes.

* efectuar un cambio = effect + change.

* elemento de cambio = agent of(for) change.

* en cambio = by contrast, in contrast, instead, shifting, by comparison.

* en constante cambio = ever-changing [ever changing], ever-fluid, on the move, fast changing [fast-changing], ever-shifting.

* en continuo cambio = constantly shifting, ever-changing [ever changing], ever-shifting.

* en estado de cambio = in a state of flux.

* enfrentarse a los cambios = cope with + change.

* en proceso de cambio = changing.

* estado de cambio = state of flux.

* estar en estado de cambio = be in flux.

* estar en proceso de cambio = be in flux.

* estar sujeto a cambios = be written in sand, not stone, be subject to change.

* experimentar un cambio = bring about + change, undergo + modification, undergo + change, undergo + transition.

* experimentar un cambio + Adjetivo = take + a + Adjetivo + turn.

* hacer cambios en la búsqueda = renegotiate + search.

* hacer cambios indebidamente = tamper (with).

* hacer el cambio = make + the change.

* hacer frente al cambio = manage + change.

* hacer frente a un cambio = meet + change.

* hacer un cambio = make + change.

* impulsor del cambio = driver of change.

* introducir un cambio = bring + change.

* libre cambio = laissez-faire.

* línea internacional de cambio de fecha, la = International Date Line, the.

* lograr un cambio = accomplish + change.

* los constantes cambios de = the changing face of, the changing nature of.

* momento clave del cambio = tipping point.

* moneda de cambio = bargaining chip.

* mostrar por medio de cambio de intensidad en el brillo = flash up.

* motor del cambio = driver of change.

* no hacer ningún cambio = stand + pat.

* no sufrir cambios = remain + normal.

* ocasionar un cambio = bring about + change, trigger + change.

* operación de cambio de sexo = sex-change surgery, sex-change operation.

* permanecer sin cambios = remain + unchanged.

* proceso de cambio = process of change.

* producir un cambio = effect + change, produce + change, trigger + change.

* provocar cambios = wreak + changes.

* provocar un cambio = bring about + change.

* reacio al cambio = resistant to change.

* realizar un cambio = make + alteration, implement + change.

* repercusiones del cambio = impact of change.

* resistente al cambio = resistant to change.

* ritmo del cambio = rate of change, pace of change.

* ser susceptible de cambios = be subject to change.

* sin cambio = inviolate.

* sin cambios = monotone, stable, undisturbed, unchanged, unmodified, unaltered, unedited.

* subsidio para cambio de residencia = resettlement allowance.

* suceder un cambio = occur + change.

* sucesión de cambios bruscos = roller coaster ride, roller coaster.

* sufrir un cambio = experience + change, undergo + change.

* suponer un cambio = bring about + change.

* trabajar a cambio de nada = work for + nothing.

cambio²

² = loose change.

Ex: Forget climate change, voters want more loose change.

* bolsa de cambio = stock exchange.

* cambio de divisas = currency rate, currency exchange.

* cambio de moneda = exchange rate, foreign exchange, currency exchange rate, market rate of exchange, foreign exchange rate, currency rate, rate of exchange, currency exchange.

* letra de cambio = bill of exchange.

* oficina de cambio = exchange office, currency exchange bureau, exchange bureau.

* tipo de cambio = exchange rate, rate of exchange.

* variación de los tipos de cambio = exchange rate change.

cambio³

³ = gear, derailleur.

Nota: De bicicleta.

Ex: Their products were charming and much less expensive than American clockwork toys because they used tinplate gears rather than brass.

Ex: There is a front and a rear derailleur on most modern bikes.

* palanca de cambio = shifter.

* * *

cambio

masculine

A

1 (alteración, modificación) change

el cambio que ha tenido lugar en él the change he has undergone

cambio DE algo:

un brusco cambio de temperatura a sudden change in temperature

lo que tú necesitas es un cambio de aires or ambiente what you need is a change of scene

ha habido un cambio de planes there's been a change of plan

una operación de cambio de sexo a sex-change operation

cambio de uso del suelo change of land use ( in urban planning)

a la primera de cambio ( fam); at the first opportunity, the first thing you know ( colloq)

2 ( Auto) gearshift ( AmE), gear change ( BrE)

hacer un cambio to change gear

meta el cambio ( AmL); put it in gear

un coche con cinco cambios ( AmL); a car with a five-speed gearbox

caja

Compuestos:

● cambio climático

climate change

● cambio de domicilio

change of address

● cambio de escena

scene change

● cambio de guardia

change of guard, changing of the guard

● cambio de jugada

audible

● cambio de marchas

(dispositivo) transmission ( AmE), gearbox ( BrE); (acción) gearshift ( AmE), gear change ( BrE)

● cambio de marchas automático

automatic gearshift ( AmE) o ( BrE) gearbox

● cambio de marchas manual

manual gearshift ( AmE) o ( BrE) gearbox

● cambio de rasante

brow of a hill

● cambio de seña

audible

● cambio de sentido

( Auto) junction

● cambio de velocidades

cambio de marchas

● cambio de vía

switch ( AmE), points (pl) ( BrE)

B

1 (canje) exchange

creo que has salido perdiendo con el cambio I think you've lost out in the deal

[ S ] no se admiten cambios ni devoluciones goods cannot be exchanged or returned

2 ( en locs):

a cambio in exchange, in return

a cambio de in exchange for, in return for

estoy dispuesto a hacerlo a cambio de un pequeño favor I'm prepared to do it in exchange o in return for a small favor

daría cualquier cosa a cambio de un poco de paz I'd do anything for a bit of peace

en cambio: a él le parece espléndido; a mí, en cambio, no me gusta he thinks it's wonderful, but personally I don't like it

el viaje en autobús es agotador, en cambio irse en tren es muy agradable the bus journey is exhausting whereas o but if you go by train it's very pleasant, the bus journey is exhausting; if you go by train, however o on the other hand, it is very pleasant

C

1 ( Fin) (de moneda extranjera) exchange

cambio de divisas foreign exchange

¿a cómo está el cambio? what's the exchange rate?

[ S ] cambio bureau de change, change

al cambio del día at the current exchange rate

libre¹ (↑ libre (1))

2 (diferencia) change

quédese con el cambio keep the change

me ha dado mal el cambio he's given me the wrong change

3 (dinero menudo) change

¿tienes cambio de diez? can you change ten euros?

necesito cambio para el teléfono I need some change for the telephone

Compuestos:

● cambio del día

daily exchange rate o rate of exchange

● cambio de moneda

foreign exchange

* * *

Del verbo cambiar: ( conjugate cambiar)

cambio es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

cambió es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

Multiple Entries:
cambiar
cambio
cambiar ( conjugate cambiar) verbo transitivo
1
a) (alterar, modificar) ‹horario/imagen/persona› to change

b) (de lugar, posición):

◊ cambio los muebles de lugar to move the furniture around;

cambié las flores de florero I put the flowers in a different vase
c) ( reemplazar) ‹pieza/fecha/sábanas› to change;

◊ le cambió la pila al reloj she changed the battery in the clock;

cambiole el nombre a algo to change the name of sth
d) ‹niño/bebé› to change

e) (Fin) to change;

cambié 100 libras a or (Esp) en dólares I changed 100 pounds into dollars
2 ( canjear) ‹sellos/estampas› to swap, to trade (esp AmE);
cambio algo por algo ‹sellos/estampas› to swap o (esp AmE) trade sth for sth;
‹ compra› to exchange o change sth for sth;
◊ ¿quieres que te cambie el lugar? do you want me to swap o change places with you?

verbo intransitivo
a) [ciudad/persona] to change;

◊ cambio para peor to change for the worse;

le está cambiando la voz his voice is breaking
b) (Auto) to change gear

c) ( hacer transbordo) to change;

◊ cambio de avión/tren to change planes/train

d) cambio de algo ‹de tema/canal/color› to change sth;

◊ cambio de idea to change one's mind;

cambio de sentido to make (AmE) o (BrE) do a U-turn
cambiarse verbo pronominal
a) ( refl) ( de ropa) to change, get changed

b) ( refl) ‹camisa/nombre/peinado› to change;

cambiose de algo ‹de camisa/zapatos› to change sth;
◊ me cambié de sitio I changed places;

cambiose de casa to move house;
cámbiate de camisa change your shirt
c) cambiose por algn to change places with sb

d) ( recípr) ‹sellos/estampas› to swap, to trade (esp AmE)

e) (CS) ( mudarse de casa) to move

cambio sustantivo masculino
1
a) ( alteración) change;

cambio de algo ‹de planes/domicilio› change of sth;
un cambio de aire(s) or ambiente a change of scene
b) (Auto) gearshift (AmE), gear change (BrE);

◊ un coche con cinco cambios (AmL) a car with a five-speed gearbox;

cambio de sentido U-turn
2
a) ( canje) exchange;

( on signs) no se admiten cambios goods cannot be exchanged
b) ( en locs)

◊ a cambio (de) in exchange (for), in return (for);

en cambio: el viaje en autobús es agotador, en cambio en tren es muy agradable the bus journey is exhausting;

by train however o on the other hand is very pleasant
3
a) (Fin) ( de moneda extranjera) exchange;

◊ cambio de divisas foreign exchange;

¿a cómo está el cambio? what's the exchange rate?;

( on signs) cambio bureau de change, change
b) ( diferencia) change;

◊ me ha dado mal el cambio he's given me the wrong change

c) ( dinero suelto) change

cambiar
I verbo transitivo
1 to change
2 (cromos, etc) to swap, (en un comercio) exchange
3 (un tipo de moneda por otro) to change
II verbo intransitivo to change
cambiar de casa, to move (house)
cambiar de idea, to change one's mind
cambiar de sitio, to move
cambiar de trabajo, to get another job
cambiar de velocidad, to change gear
cambio sustantivo masculino
1 change
(de opinión) shift
un cambio de impresiones, an exchange of opinions
2 (del dinero) change: ¿tienes cambio de cinco mil?, have you got change for five thousand?
3 Fin (de la moneda extranjera) exchange
(de unas acciones) price
4 Auto gear change
cambio automático, automatic transmission
cambio de rasante, brow of a hill
♦ Locuciones: a cambio de, in exchange for
a las primeras de cambio, at the firsl opportunity
en cambio, on the other hand: él es muy engreído, en cambio ella es muy dulce, he's really conceited; on the other hand she is very sweet
' cambio' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abrupta
- abrupto
- aguantar
- aire
- alteración
- apreciarse
- benéfica
- benéfico
- biombo
- brutal
- desplazamiento
- experimentar
- girar
- imponerse
- inflexión
- letra
- oscilación
- por
- primera
- primero
- radical
- semblante
- sensible
- tipo
- vaivén
- viraje
- vuelta
- acelerar
- acentuado
- apreciable
- apresurar
- brusco
- cambiar
- cara
- cerrado
- efectuar
- feria
- guardia
- idea
- importante
- inevitable
- lado
- libre
- nuevo
- observar
- operar
- opinión
- producir
- quedar
- rápido
English:
abrupt
- adjustment
- alarmed
- alteration
- bare
- better
- change
- chapter
- conversely
- department
- displacement
- distinct
- draft
- dramatic
- dramatically
- drastic
- euro
- exchange
- exchange rate
- fall
- float
- gearshift
- gearstick
- instead
- intend
- into
- likely
- major
- make
- modification
- occur
- protection money
- rate
- refreshing
- refreshingly
- return
- reversal
- round
- sex change
- shift
- short-change
- slight
- small change
- subject
- substantial
- sudden
- swap for
- sweep
- sweeping
- swing

* * *

cambio

♦ nm

1. [alteración, modificación] change;

vivimos una época de grandes cambios we live in times of great change;

cambio de actitud change in attitude;

cambio de gobierno change of government;

cambio radical turnabout, turnround;

cambio de tiempo change in the weather;

ha ganado con el cambio de trabajo he has benefited from changing jobs;

con el cambio de política hemos perdido todos we have all lost out as a result of the change in policy;

se ha producido un cambio de situación the situation has changed, there has been a change in the situation;

el cambio al sistema métrico ha sido muy sencillo the changeover to the metric system has been very straightforward;

tu hijo ha pegado un cambio tremendo your son has really changed;

a las primeras de cambio at the first opportunity;

abandonó la carrera a las primeras de cambio she dropped out of the race almost as soon as it had started o shortly after it had started;

cayeron eliminados a las primeras de cambio they fell at the first hurdle

Comp
cambio climático climate change; Ling cambio de código code switching;
cambio de domicilio change of address;

cambio de escena Teatro scene change;
Fig change of scene;
cambio generacional: [m5] el partido necesita un cambio generacional urgente the party is in urgent need of a new generation of leaders;

este joven pintor es un ejemplo del cambio generacional en marcha this young man is one of the new generation of painters who are coming to dominate the artistic scene;

cambio de guardia [ceremonia] changing of the guard;

cambio horario [bianual] = putting clocks back or forward one hour;

cambio hormonal hormonal change;

cambio de imagen image change;

el cambio de milenio the end of the millennium;

cambio de rasante brow of a hill;

cambio de sentido U-turn;

cambio de sexo sex change;
Der cambio de tribunal change of venue; Ferroc cambio de vía Br points, US switch
2. [reemplazo, trueque] exchange;

(oficina de) cambio [en letrero] Br bureau de change, US foreign-exchange bureau;

durante las rebajas no se admiten cambios while the sales are on, goods may not be exchanged;

a cambio (de) in exchange o return (for);

no pido nada a cambio I'm not asking for anything back o in return;

se admite su vieja lavadora a cambio we will take your old washing machine in part exchange;

te dejo el coche a cambio de que lo laves I'll let you use my car if you wash it for me

Comp
Aut cambio de aceite oil change;
cambio de impresiones exchange of views;
Quím cambio iónico ion exchange;
cambio de papeles role reversal

3. [monedas, billetes] change;

¿tiene cambio? have you got any change?;

¿tiene cambio de 5.000? have you got change for o Br of 5,000?;

nos hemos quedado sin cambio(s) we're out of change;

quédese con el cambio keep the change;

me ha dado el cambio incorrecto she gave me the wrong change

4. Fin [de acciones] price;
[de divisas] exchange rate;
ha bajado el cambio del peso the (exchange rate of the) peso has fallen;

los valores eléctricos han mantenido el cambio share prices in the electricity companies have remained steady;

¿a cuánto está el cambio de la libra? what's the exchange rate for the pound?

Comp
cambio base base rate;
cambio extranjero foreign exchange;

cambio medio average exchange rate;

cambio oficial official exchange rate

5. Aut
el cambio es muy duro the gears are rather stiff

Comp
cambio automático automatic transmission;
cambio de marchas [acción] gear change;
[palanca] Br gear stick, US gear shift;
cambio sincronizado [en bicicleta] indexed gear;

cambio de velocidades [acción] gear change;
[palanca] Br gear stick, US gear shift
6. Dep [sustitución] substitution, change;

hacer un cambio to make a substitution o change;

el equipo visitante ha pedido (hacer un) cambio the away team want to make a substitution o change;

el jugador lesionado pidió el cambio al entrenador the injured player signalled to the manager that he wanted to come off

♦ interj
Rad
¡cambio (y corto)! over!;

¡cambio y cierro! over and out!

♦ en cambio loc adv
[por otra parte] on the other hand, however; [en su lugar] instead;
ellos no pueden ayudarnos, en cambio tú sí they can't help us, but o whereas you can;

éste me gusta, en cambio este otro es feo I like this one, but this other one is horrible

* * *

cambio

m

1 change;

cambio de domicilio change of address;

cambio de aires change of scene;

cambio de turno change of shift;

cambio de aceite AUTO oil change;

¡cambio! al hablar por radio over!

2 COM exchange rate;

el cambio del día the day’s (exchange) rate;

libre cambio COM free trade

3 ( suelto)

:

¿tiene cambio? do you have change?

4

:

no se admiten cambios goods will not be exchanged

5 en locuciones

:

a cambio de in exchange for;

en cambio on the other hand

* * *

cambio nm

1) : change, alteration

2) : exchange

3) : change (money)

4)

en cambio : instead

5)

en cambio : however, on the other hand

* * *

cambio n

1. (en general) change

va a haber cambios en la empresa there are going to be changes in the company

un cambio de imagen a change of image

¿tienes cambio? have you got any change?

2. (divisas) exchange rate

Spanish-English dictionary > cambio
16 कूट

kū́ṭa
n. the bone of the forehead with its projections orﾠ prominences, horn RV. X, 102, 4 AV. ṠBr. AitBr. ;

a kind of vessel orﾠ implement Kauṡ. 16 ;
(as, am) m. n. any prominence orﾠ projection (e.g.. aṉsa-k-, akshi-k-, qq.vv.);
summit, peak orﾠ summit of a mountain MBh. etc.;
summit, head i.e. the highest, most excellent, first BhP. II, 9, 19 ;
a heap, multitude (e.g.. abhra-k-, a multitude of clouds) MBh. R. BhP. ;
part of a plough, ploughshare, body of a plough L. ;
an iron mallet MBh. XVI, 4, 6 ;
a trap for catching deer, concealed weapon (as a dagger in a wooden case, sword-stick, etc.) R. Pañcat. ;
(as L. ;
am) m. n. illusion, fraud, trick, untruth, falsehood L. ;
a puzzling question, enigma BhP. VI, 5, 10 and 29 ;
m. a kind of hall (= maṇḍapa) Hcat. ;
N. of a particular constellation VarBṛ. XII, 8 and 16 ;
a subdivision of Graha-yuddha Sūryas. ;
a mystical N. of the letter ksha RāmatUp. ;
N. of Agastya (cf. kuṭaja) L. ;
of an enemy of Vishṇu R. BhP. X ;
(as, am) m. n. uniform substance (as the etherial element, etc.) L. ;
a water-jar Hcar. ;
a kind of plant L. ;
(as, ī) mf. a house, dwelling (cf. kuṭa andﾠ kuṭī) L. ;
( kūtá) mf (ā́)n. not horned orﾠ cornuted (as an animal with incomplete continuations of the bone of the forehead) AV. XII, 4, 3 TS. I Kāṭh. etc.. ;
false, untrue, deceitful Mn. Yājñ. Kathās. etc.;
base (as coins) Yājñ. II, 241 ;
m. an ox whose horns are broken L. ;
(am) n. counterfeited objects (of a merchant) VarBṛ. XIV, 3. ;
- कूटकर्मन्
- कूटकार
- कूटकारक
- कूटकृत्
- कूटखड्ग
- कूटग्रन्थ
- कूटच्छद्मन्
- कूटज
- कूटतक्ष्
- कूटता
- कूटतापस
- कूटतुला
- कूटत्व
- कूटधर्म
- कूटपर्व
- कूटपाकल
- कूटपालक
- कूटपाश
- कूटपूरी
- कूटपूर्व
- कूटबन्ध
- कूटमान
- कूटमुद्गर
- कूटमोहन
- कूटयन्त्र
- कूटयुद्ध
- कूटयोधिन्
- कूटरचना
- कूटलेख
- कूटलेख्य
- कूटव्यवहारिन्
- कूटशस्
- कूटशाल्मलि
- कूटशाल्मलिक
- कूटशाल्मली
- कूटशासन
- कूटशैल
- कूटसंक्रान्ति
- कूटसंघटितलक्षण
- कूटसंदोह
- कूटसाक्षिन्
- कूटसाक्ष्य
- कूटस्थ
- कूटस्वर्ण
- कूटहेमन्
- कूटाक्ष
- कूटाख्यान
- कूटागार
- कूटायु
- कूटार्थ
- कूटोपाय

Sanskrit-English dictionary > कूट
17 मदः _madḥ

मदः [मद्-अच्]

1 Intoxication, drunkenness, inebriety; मदेनास्पृश्ये Dk.; मदविकाराणां दर्शकः K.45; see comps. below.

-2 Madness, insanity.

-3 Ardent passion, wanton or lustful passion, lasciviousness, lust; इति मदमदनाभ्यां रागिणः स्पष्टरागान् Śi.1.91.

-4 Rut, ichor, or the juice that exudes from the temples of an elephant in rut; मदेन भाति कलभः प्रतापेन महीपतिः Chandr.5.45; so मदकलः, मदोन्मत्त; Me.2; R.2.7;12.12.

-5 Love, desire, ardour.

-6 Pride, arrogance, conceit; तं मोहाच्छ्रयते मदः स च मदाद्दास्येन निर्विद्यते Pt.1.24.

-7 Rapture, excessive delight.

-8 Spirituous liquor; पाययित्वा मदं सम्यक् Śukra. 4.1171.

-9 Honey.

-1 Musk.

-11 Semen virile.

-12 Soma.

-13 Any beautiful object.

-14 A river (नद)

-15 Beauty; नीलारविन्दमदभङ्गिमदैः कटाक्षैः Bv.3.4.

-16 N. of the 7th astrological mansion.

-दी 1 A drinking-cup.

-2 Any agricultural implement (such as a plough &c.).

-Comp. -अत्ययः, -आतङ्कः any distemper (such as head- ache) resulting from drunkenness.

-अन्ध a.

1 blinded by intoxication, dead drunk, drunk with passion; अधरमिव मदान्धा पातुमेषा प्रवृत्ता V.4.13; यदा किंचिज्ज्ञो$हं द्विप इव मदान्धः समभवम् Bh.2.7.

-2 blinded by pas- sion or pride, arrogant, infatuated.

-अपनयम् removal of intoxication.

-अम्बरः 1 an elephant in rut.

-2 N. of Airāvata, the elephant of Indra.

- अलस a. languid with passion or intoxication.

-अलसा N. of the dau- ghter of Viśvaketu, the lord of Gandharvas.

-अवस्था 1 a state of drunkenness.

-2 wantonness, lustfulness.

-3 rut, being in rut; अन्तर्मदावस्थ इव द्विपेन्द्रः R.2.7.

-आकुल a.

1 furious with rut.

-2 full of lust, overpower- ed by passion.

-आढ्य a. drunk, intoxicated. (

-ढ्यः) the palm tree.

-आम्नातः a kettle-drum carried on the back of an elephant.

-आलापिन् m. a cuckoo.

-आह्वः musk.

-उत्कट a.

1 intoxicated, excited by drink.

-2 furious with passion, lustful.

-3 arrogant, proud, haughty.

-4 ruttish, under the influence of rut; मदोत्कटे रेचितपुष्पवृक्षा गन्धद्विपे वन्य इव द्विरेफाः R.6.7; हस्तिनं कमल- नालतन्तुना बद्धुमिच्छति वने मदोत्कटम्.

(-टः) 1 an elephant in rut.

-2 a dove. (

-टा) spirituous liquor.

-उत्सवः, उद्भवः mango

-उदग्र, -उन्मत्त a.

1 drunk, intoxicated.

-2 fu- rious, drunk with passion. मदोदग्राः ककुद्मन्तः सरितां कूलमुद्रुजाः R.4.22.

-3 arrogant, proud, haughty; मदोन्मत्तस्य भूपस्य कुञ्जरस्य च गच्छतः उन्मार्गं वाच्यतां यान्ति महामात्राः समीपगाः Pt.1.161.

-उदग्रा f. A woman; L. D. B.

-उद्धत a.

1 drunk with passion; मदोद्धताः प्रत्यनिलं विचेरुः Ku.3.31; सत्पक्षा मधुरगिरः प्रसाधिताशा मदोद्धतारम्भाः Ve.1.6.

-2 infla- ted with pride.

-उल्लापिन् m. the cuckoo.

-ऊर्जित a. swollen with pride.

-कटः a eunuch.

-कर a. intoxica- ting, causing intoxication.

-करिन् m. an elephant in rut.

-कल a. speaking softly or inarticulately, speaking indistinctly; मदकलोदकलोलविहंगमाः R.9.37; मद- कलमदिराक्षीनीविमोक्षो हि मोक्षः Udb.

-2 uttering low sounds of love.

-3 drunk with passion; एतस्मिन् मदकलमल्लिकाक्षपक्ष... U.1.31; Māl.9.14.

-4 indistinct yet sweet; मदकलं कूजितं सारसानाम् Me.31.

-5 ruttish, furious, under the influence of rut; V.4.46.

-6 furious, mad. (

-लः) an elephant in rut;

-कोहलः a bull set at liberty (to roam at will).

-खेल a. stately or sportive through passion; मदखेलपदं कथं नु तस्याः V.4.16.

-गन्धा 1 an intoxicating drink.

-2 hemp.

-गमनः a buffalo.

-च्युत् a.

1 distilling rut (as an elephant).

-2 lustful, wanton, drunk.

-3 gladdening, exhilarating. (-m.) an epithet of Indra. (-m. dual) an epithet of the Aśvins.

-जलम्, -वारि n. rutting juice, ichor exuding from the temples of a ruttish elephant.

-ज्वरः fever of pride or passion; कतिपयपुरस्वाम्ये पुंसां क एष मदज्वरः Bh.3.23.

-द्रुः a cocoa-nut tree (Mar. माड).

-द्विपः a furious elephant, an elephant in rut.

-प्रयोगः, -प्रसेकः, -प्रस्रवणम्, -स्रावः, -स्रुतिः f. the exudation of ichor or rutting juice from the temple of an elephant.

-प्रसेकः the aphrodisiacal fluid (वीर्यच्युतिः); अन्यत्र मुञ्चन्ति मदप्रसेकम् Mk.4.16.

-भङ्गः humiliation of pride; Bv.3.4.

-भञ्जिनी Asparagus Racemosus (Mar. शतावरी).

-मत्ता N. of a metre.

-मुच् a. 'dropping down ichor', furious, intoxicated; सो$यं पुत्रस्तव मदमुचां वारणानां विजेता U.3.15.

-मोहित a.

1 stupefied by drunkenness; अकार्यमन्यत् कुर्याद् वा ब्राह्मणो मदमोहितः Ms.11.96.

-2 infatuated by pride.

-रक्त a. affected with passion.

-रागः 1 Cupid.

-2 a cock.

-3 a drunkard.

-लेखा 1 a line of rut, a line formed by the juice flowing from an elephant's temples.

-2 a kind of metre.

-विक्षिप्त a. in rut, furious.

-2 agitated by lust or passion.

-विह्वल a.

1 maddened by lust or pride.

-2 stupefied with intoxication.

-वीर्यम् 1 strength produced by passion.

-2 the heroism of love

-वृन्दः an elephant.

-शौण्डः, -शौण्डकम् nutmeg.

-सारः a cotton shrub.

-स्थलम्, -स्थानम् an ale-house, dram-shop, tavern.

Sanskrit-English dictionary > मदः _madḥ
18 भाण्डम् _bhāṇḍam

भाण्डम् [भाण्ड्-अच् भण्-ड स्वार्थे अण् वा Tv.]

1 A vessel, pot, utensil (plate, dish, can &c.); ब्रह्मा येन कुलालवन्नि- यमितो ब्रह्माण्डभाण्डोदरे Bh.2.95; नीलीभाण्डम् 'an indigo-vat'; so क्षीरभाण्डम् 'milk-pail'; सुरा,˚ मद्य˚ &c.

-2 A box, trunk, chest, case; क्षुरभाण्डम् Pt.1.

-3 Any tool or instrument, an implement.

-4 A musical instrument; वेणानां भाण्डवादनम् Ms.1.49.

-5 Goods, wares, merchandise, shop-keeper's stock; भाण्डपूर्णानि यानानि तार्यं दाप्यानि सारतः Ms.8.45; मथुरागामीनि भाण्डानि Pt.1.

-6 A bale of goods.

-7 (Fig.) Any valued possession, treasure; शान्तं वा रघुनन्दने तदुभयं तत्पुत्रभाण्डं हि मे U.4.24.

-8 The bed of a river.

-9 Trappings or harness of a horse; नानाङ्कचिह्नैर्नवहेमभाण्डैः Bu. Ch.2.4.

-1 Buffoonery, mimicry (from भण्ड).

-11 An ornament in general; नानाविकृतसंस्थानं वाजिभाण्डपरि- च्छदम् । गजग्रैवेयकक्ष्याश्च रथभाण्डांश्च संस्कृतान् ॥ Rām.6.75.1.

-12 Paraphernalia (उपकरणजातम्); आभिषेचनिकं भाण्डं कृत्वा Rām.2.19.31.

-13 Capital (मूलधन); सो$पि दृष्ट्वैव तं विप्रमायान्तं भाण्डजीवनः Mb.12.261.46.

-ण्डाः (m. pl.) Wares, merchandise.

-Comp. -अ(आ)गारः, -रम् 1 a store-house, store-room (lit. where household goods and utensils &c. are kept); भाण्डागाराण्यकृत विदुषां सा स्वयं भोगभाञ्जि Vikr.18.45.

-2 treasury; ज्ञान˚.

-3 a collection, store, magazine.

-आगारिकः 1 a storekeeper.

-2 a treasurer.

-गोपकः the keeper of vessels (in a temple); Buddh.

-पतिः a merchant.

-पुटः 1 a barber.

-2 a kind of contrivance for calcining metals.

-पुष्पः a sort of snake.

-प्रतिभाण्डकम् barter, computation of the exchange of goods.

-भरकः the contents of a vessel.

-मूल्यम् capital in the form of wares.

-वादनम् playing on a musical instrument.

-शाला a store-house, store.

Sanskrit-English dictionary > भाण्डम् _bhāṇḍam
19 χείρ

χείρ, ἡ, χειρός, χειρί, χεῖρα, dual χεῖρε, χεροῖν, pl. χεῖρες, χερῶν, χεῖρας, penult. being regularly short, when the ult. is long; dat. pl. regularly χερσί ( χειρσί occurs in cod.Vat. of LXX, as Jd.7.19, 1 Ch.5.10, and late Inscrr. as CIG2811

A b.10 ([place name] Aphrodisias), 2942c ([place name] Tralles): but Poets used the penult. long or short in all cases, as the verse required, χερός, χερί, χέρα, χέρε, χέρες, χέρας (of which Hom. uses only χερί; χέρα h.Pan.40
); gen. dual χειροῖν S.El. 206
(lyr.), 1394 (lyr.), IG22.1498.76; gen. pl. χειρῶν ib.31, common in Prose.—Poet. forms, dat. pl. χείρεσι ([etym.] ν ) once in Hom., Il.20.468, also Q.S.2.401, 5.469 (v.l.); χείρεσσι Il.12.382
, Pi.O.10(11).62, S.Ant. 976 (lyr.), 1297 (lyr.), and once in trim., E.Alc. 756; χέρεσσι ([etym.] ν) Hes.Th. 519, 747, B.17.49; χερέεσσιν AJA36.460
([place name] Galatia):—[dialect] Dor. nom. [full] χέρς Timocr.9; [full] χήρ Sophr. in PSI11.1214a3 (also, = δίψακος, Ps.-Dsc.3.11); gen. χηρός Alcm.32
, IG42(1).121.22 (Epid., iv B. C.); acc. pl. χῆρας ib.96, [dialect] Aeol. χέρρας Alc.Supp.4.21
, Theoc.28.9.—On the accent and declension of these forms, v. Hdn.Gr.2.277, 748:— the hand, whether closed, παχεῖα Il.3.376
; βαρεῖα 11.235
, al.; or open, flat, χερσὶ καταπρηνέσσι, χειρὶ καταπρηνεῖ, 15.114, Od.13.164, al.; εἰς τὴν χ. ἐγχεάμενοί τι X.Cyr.1.3.9
: freq. in pl. where a single hand is meant, Il.23.384, etc.; reversely, sg. where more than one hand is spoken of, e.g. Od.3.37, etc.; dual joined with pl., ἄμφω χεῖρας 8.135
; χεῖρε ἀμφοτέρας Il.21.115
.

2 hand and arm, arm (cf. Ruf.Onom.11,82, Gal.2.347), πῆχυν χειρὸς δεξιτερῆς Il.21.166
; κατὰ χεῖρα μέσην ἀγκῶνος ἔνερθε 11.252
; χεῖρες ἀπ' ὤμων ἀΐσσοντο Hes.Th. 150
; χ. εἰς ὤμους γυμναί Longus 1.4
; ἐν χερσὶ γυναικῶν πεσέειν into the arms, Il.6.81, etc.: hence, words are added to denote the hand as distinct from the arm, ἄκρην οὔτασε χεῖρα 5.336
; περὶ ἄκραις ταῖς χ. χειρῖδας ἔχουσι X.Cyr.8.8.17
, cf. Pl. Prt. 352a.

3 of the hand or paw of animals, ὅσα [ζῷα] χεῖρας ἔχει X.Mem.1.4.14
; πορεύεσθαι ἐπὶ χειρῶν go on all fours. LXX Le.11.27; so of monkeys, Arist.HA 502b3; of the fore-paws of the hyena, Id.Fr. 369; of the bear, Plu.2.919a.

II Special usages:

1 to denote position, ποτέρας τῆς χερός; on which hand? E.Cyc. 681; ἐπὶ δεξιὰ χειρός Pi.P.6.19
; ἐπ' ἀριστερὰ χειρός Od.5.277
; χειρὸς εἰς τὰ δεξιά S.Fr. 598
; λαιᾶς χειρός A.Pr. 714
(but χείρ is often omitted with δεξιά, ἀριστερά, as we say the right, the left).

2 freq. in dat. of all numbers with Verbs which imply the use of hands, λάβε χειρί, χερσὶν ἑλέσθαι, Il.5.302, 10.501; χερσὶν ἀσπάζεσθαι Od.3.35
; προκαλίζεσθαι 18.20
; χειρί, χεροῖν ψαῦσαι, S.OT 1510, 1466: sts. this dat. is added pleon. by way of emphasis, ὄνυξι συλλαβὼν χερί Id.Aj. 310
.

3 gen., by the hand, χειρὸς ἔχειν τινά Il.4.154
; χειρὸς ἑλών 1.323
, etc.; γέροντα δὲ χειρὸς ἀνίστη he raised him by the hand, 24.515, cf. Od.14.319; χερὶ χειρὸς ἑλών Pi.P.9.122
; τινὰ χειρός ἑλκειν Id.N.11.32
; ἀνέλκειν τινὰ τῆς χ. Ar.V. 569
(anap.).

4 the acc. is used when one takes the hand of a person, χεῖρα γέροντος ἑλών Il. 24.361
; χεῖρ' ἕλε δεξιτερήν Od.1.121
; χεῖράς τ' ἀλλήλων λαβέτην, in pledge of good faith, Il.6.233; so ἔμβαλλε χ. δεξιὰν πρώτιστά μοι S.Tr. 1181
; also ἔμβαλλε χειρὸς πίστιν Id.Ph. 813
, cf. OC 1632.

5 other uses of the acc.:

a in prayer or entreaty, χεῖρας ἀνασχεῖν [θεοῖς] Il.3.275, etc.; ποτὶ γούνασι χεῖρας βάλλειν Od.6.310
; ἀμφὶ.. Ἀρήτης βάλε γούνασι χεῖρας Ὀδυσσεύς 7.142
; ἀμφὶ δὲ χεῖρας δειρῇ βάλλ' Ὀδυσῆϊ 23.207
; ἀμφί τινι χεῖρε β. 21.223
; περίβαλε δὲ χέρας Ar.Th. 914
, cf. A.Ag. 1559 (anap.); χεῖρας προΐσχεσθαι Th.3.58
, 66; so also χεῖρας ἀείρων Od.11.423
, cf. Il.7.130 (tm.); χ. ἀνατείνειν (v. ἀνατείνω 1.1
).

b τὰς χεῖρας αἴρειν to hold up hands in token of assent or choice, of persons voting, Ar.Ec. 264; τὴν χ. αἴρειν And.3.41
; ὅτῳ δοκεῖ ταῦτα, ἀράτω τὴν χ. X.An.5.6.33
, cf. 7.3.6; ἀνατεινάτω τὴν χ. ib.3.2.9, 33; χεῖρας ὀρεγνύς Il.22.37
; χεῖρ' ὀρέγων εἰς οὐρανόν 15.371
; χεῖρας ὀ. τινί Od.12.257
; πρός τινα Pi. P.4.240
; ποτὶ στόμα χεῖρ' ὀρέγεσθαι Il.24.506
(but χεῖρά τισι ὀ. to reach them one's hand in help, X.HG5.2.17); also χεῖρε ἑτάροισι πετάσσας Il.4.523
, etc.; πιτνὰς εἰς ἐμὲ χεῖρας Od.11.392
(but χεῖρε πετάσσας abs., of one swimming, etc., 5.374, al.).

c [Ἰλίου] χεῖρα ἑὴν ὑπερέσχε held the hand over

I as a protector, Il.9.420, etc.: less freq. τισι, 4.249, cf. 5.433; χεῖρά θ' ὕπερθεν ἔχεις IG14.1003.10
([place name] Rome).

d in hostile sense, χεῖρας or χεῖρα ἐπιφέρειν τινί, Il.1.89, 19.261, al.; χεῖρας ἐφιέναι τινί 1.567
, Od.1.254, al.; χεῖρας ἐπιβάλλειν τισί Plb.3.2.8
, etc.; χέρα τινὶ προσενεγκεῖν Pi.P.9.36
; χεῖρας ἐπί τινι ἰάλλειν, v. ἰάλλω 1.1.

e χεῖρας ἀπέχειν keep hands off, λοιμοῖο βαρείας χεῖρας ἀφέξει Il.1.97
codd.; κερτομίας δέ τοι.. καὶ χεῖρας ἀφέξω.. μνηστήρων Od.20.263
; ἀθανάτων ἀπέχειν χέρας A.Eu. 350
(lyr.); τὼ χεῖρε ἀπέχεται Pl.Smp. 213d
; παύειν χεῖράς τινος Il.21.294
.

f χεῖρας ἐπιτιθέναι τινί, in token of consecration, 1 Ep.Ti.5.22, etc.

6 with Preps.:

a ἀνὰ χεῖρας ἔχειν τινάς to be intimate with.., Plb.21.6.5; αἱ ἀνὰ χεῖρά τινων ὁμιλίαι S.E.M.1.64
; τὰ ἀνὰ χεῖρα πράγματα the matters in hand, Plu.2.614b, etc. (also οἱ ἀνὰ χ. χρόνοι the current period, PRyl.88.21 (ii A. D.); τὰ ἀνὰ χ. what comes his way, Ps.-Ptol.Centil.18; ἀνὰ χ. τῆς πύλης hard by.., LXX 2 Ki.15.2.

b ἀπὸ χειρὸς λογίσασθαι to reckon off-hand, roughly, Ar.V. 656 (anap.), cf. Luc.Hist.Conscr.29: but πότισον τὴν γῆν ἀπὸ χειρός by hand, PCair.Zen.155 (iii B. C.).

c διὰ χερῶν ἔχειν, λαβεῖν, literally, to have or take between the hands, A.Supp. 193, S.Ant. 916; διὰ χειρὸς ἔχειν to hold in the hand, ib. 1258 (anap.), Ar.V. 597 (anap.); to have in hand, i. e. under control, Th.2.76; διὰ χειρῶν ἔχειν τὴν πολιτείαν Arist.Pol. 1308a27
; τὰ τῶν ξυμμάχων keep under control, Th.2.13: later, to have a work in hand, be engaged in it, Phld.Acad.Ind.p.69M. ([etym.] χερός), D.H.Isoc.4; τὰ ὅπλα Plu.Cor.2
, etc. (also διὰ χ. by direct payment, opp. διὰ τῆς τραπέζης by banker's order, BGU1156.8 (i B. C.), etc.; cf. διὰ χ. ἔσπευδε τὴν πρᾶσιν Charito 1.12
); of arms, διὰ χειρὸς εἶναι Luc.Anach.35
; διὰ χ. ἔχειν, c. part., to be continually doing, Plu.2.767c; διὰ χειρός τινος ποιεῖν τι LXXJo.17.4
, al., cf. Act.Ap.7.25, al.

d ἐς χεῖρας λαβεῖν τι literally, S.El. 1120, etc.; to take a matter in hand, undertake it, πρᾶγμ' ἐς χέρας λαβόντ' E.Hec. 1242
; ἄγεσθαί τι ἐς χεῖρας Hdt.1.126
, 4.79, etc.; δοῦναί τινι ἐς χέρας, εἰς χεῖρα, S.El. 1348, X.Cyr.8.8.22; καταστῆσαι εἰς τὰς χ. τινος Aeschin.2.28
; of persons, ἵκεο χεῖρας ἐς ἁμάς thou hast fallen into our hands, Il.10.448 (in Hom. also simply ὅ τι χεῖρας ἵκοιτο Od.12.331
, cf. 24.172); so εἰς χεῖρας ἐλθεῖν τινι X.Cyr.7.4.10
, cf. 2.4.15: generally, to have to do with any one, converse with him, Id.An.1.2.26 (so ἐς χεῖρα γῇ ξυνῆψαν E.Heracl. 429
): most freq. ἐς χεῖρας ἐλθεῖν τισι to come to blows or close quarters with.., A.Th. 680; ἀλλήλοις Th.7.44
: abs., εἰς χ. ἐλθεῖν Id.4.96
; ἐς χ. ἰέναι Id.2.3
, 4.72, cf. PTeb.765.6 (ii B. C.); συνιέναι X.Cyr.8.8.22
; also ἐς χειρῶν νόμον (fort. νομόν) ἀπικέσθαι Hdt.9.48
; ἐν χειρῶν νόμῳ (fort. νομῷ) ἀπόλλυσθαι Id.8.89
, cf. Aeschin.1.5, SIG167.37 (Mylasa, iv B. C.), Heraclid.Pol.25, Plb.1.34.5, 5.111.6; [full] ἐν χειρὸς νόμῳ Arist.Pol. 1285a10, D.H.6.26; ἐν χειρῶν νομαῖς SIG700.29
(Lete, ii B.C.), v. l. in LXX 3 Ma.1.5; ἐν χεροῖν δίκῃ cj. in E.Ba.738; εἰς χεῖρας συμμεῖξαι τοῖς πολεμίοις X.Cyr.2.1.11
; also εἰς χεῖρας δέχεσθαί τινας to await their charge, Id.An.4.3.31; ἐς χ. ὑπομεῖναί τινας Th. 5.72
.

e ἐκ χειρός by hand of man, S.Aj.27: from near at hand, at close range, ἐκ χειρὸς βάλλειν X.An.3.3.15
; ἀμύνασθαι ib.5.4.25; μάχεσθαι Id.HG7.2.14
, cf. D.S.19.6; πληγὰς ἐκ χ. ἀναδέξασθαι Plu.
tim.4; οὐ μὴ σωθῇ ἐκ χ. σιδήρου LXX Jb.20.24
; ἡ ἐκ χ. δίκη lynch law, D.H.4.37; ἡ ἐκ χ. βία Plb.9.4.6
: metaph., ἡ ἐκ χ. θεωρία closerange reading, D.H.Isoc.2; so of time, out of hand, off-hand, forthwith, Plb.5.41.7, al.

f δέπας μητρὶ ἐν χειρὶ τίθει Il.1.585
, cf. Od.13.57, 15.120, al. (always so of a cup, hence ἐν χερσὶ τίθει δέπας, though found in most codd., was condemned by the critics in Il.l.c., Od.3.51, 15.130); πρεσβήϊον ἐν χερὶ θήσω Il.8.289
; τόξον, ἔγχος ἔχων ἐν χειρί, 15.443, 17.604; σκῆπτρον δέ οἱ ἔμβαλε χειρί Od.2.37
; but ἐν.. χειρὶ σκῆπτρον ἔθηκεν Il.23.568
; of a gift, ἐν χερσὶ τίθει 1.441
, 446; ἐν ταῖς χ. ἔχειν, literally, Pl.R. 432d; τὰ ὅπλ' ἐν ταῖς χ. ἔχων D.9.8
, etc. (metaph., ἔτι μεμνημένων ὑμῶν καὶ μόνον οὐκ ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν ἕκαστ' ἐχόντων Id.18.226
); but ἐν χερσὶν ἔχειν also, to have in hand, be engaged in, τὸν γάμον Hdt.1.35
; ἑορτήν Plu.Alex.13
; τὴν περὶ Δημοσθένους πραγματείαν D.H.Th.1
; ἐν χειρί τινα δίκην ἔχων Pl.Tht. 172e
; ὁ ἐν χερσὶ πόλεμος the war in hand, D.H.8.87; περιτειχισμὸς ἐν χερσὶν ὤν ib.21; ἡ ἐν χ. ζήτησις S.E.M.11.208
, etc.; freq. of fighting, ἐν χερσί hand to hand, ἐν χ. ἦν ἡ μάχη Th.4.43
; ἐν χ. ἀποκτεῖναι Id.3.66
, cf. 4.57,96, etc.; ἐν χ. γίγνεσθαι τοῖς ἐναντίοις Id.5.72
; ἐν χ. εἶναί τινος X.HG4.6.11
; δίκη ἐν χερσί Hes.Op. 192
; ὁ ψόφος τῶν ὅπλων καὶ τῶν ἵππων ὁ φρυαγμὸς ἐν χερσὶν ἐδόκει εἶναι D.S.19.31
; ἡ ἐν χερσὶν [δυστυχία] Plu.Cleom.22: also in dual, τἀν χεροῖν S.Ant. 1345
(lyr.); ἐν χειρί τινος by the hand of.., LXX Jo.21.2, al.; ἐν χ. ἀγγέλου Act.Ap.7.35
(v.l.).

g ἐπὶ χειρὸς ἔχειν on or in one's hand, Thgn.490; ἐπὶ χεῖράς τινων ἐκφέρουσι put into their hands, Plu.2.815b; also ἐπὶ χεῖρά τινος next to, LXXNe.3.4.

h κατὰ χειρός, of washing the hands before meals, ὕδωρ κατὰ χειρός (sc. φερέτω τις), Ar.V. 1216, cf.Av. 464 (anap.), Fr. 502 (lyr.), Philox. 1, Ath.9.408e; (without ὕδωρ) κατὰ χ. ἐδόθη Alex.261.2
, cf. Arched. 2.3: prov. of that which is easily come by, Telecl.1.2 (anap.);
πάντα μοι κατὰ χ. ἦν τὰ πράγματα
at hand, Pherecr.146.5
; also κατὰ χειρῶν δοῦναι, χέειν, λαβεῖν, Philyll.3, Antiph.287 (v.l.), Men.470 (troch.), cf. Phot.s.v. κατὰ χειρὸς ὕδωρ: κατὰ χεῖρα in deed or act, κατὰ χ. γενναιότατοι D.H.7.6
; opp. συνέσει, Plu.Phil.7; κατὰ χεῖρά σου according to thy will, LXX Si.25.26: but κατὰ χεῖρας [τῆς σοφίας] by her side, ib.14.25.

i μετὰ χερσὶν ἔχειν between, i.e. in, the hands, Il.11.4, 15.717; [ἄλεισον] μετὰ χ. ἐνώμα Od.22.10
: μετὰ χεῖρας ἔχειν to have in hand, be engaged in, Hdt.7.16.β, Th.1.138.

k λάβε παρὰ χεῖρα take in hand, LXX To. 11.4; but τὸ πὰρ χειρός the work in hand, B.13.10.

l πρὸ χειρῶν
close before one, S.Ant. 1279
, E.Tr. 1207 (s.v.l.), Rh. 274; πρὸ χειρὸς εἶναι cj. in Pl.Com.69.5.

m πρὸς χειρός τινος by his hand, A.Supp.66 (lyr.), etc.; πρὸς ἐμὴν χεῖρα at the signs given by my hand, S.Ph. 148 (anap.); πρὸς χεῖρα ὑποβορβορύζοντες on pressure, Hp.Epid.4.7.

n ὑπὸ χερσὶ ἁλοῦσα under, i.e. by, another's hands, Il.2.374, etc.; ὑπὸ χεῖρα ποιεῖσθαι to bring under one's power, X.Ages.1.22; οἱ ὑπὸ χ. persons in one's power, D.6.34; ὑπὸ τὴν χ. ἐλθεῖν to come into one's hand, Luc.Herm.57, etc.; ὑπὸ χ. in hand, i.e. in stock, Arist.Mete. 369b33; but also, at hand, i.e. at once, Plu.2.548e; τὰ ὑπὸ χ. ib.56b, Dsc.1.35; ὁ ὑπὸ χ. the attendant, Dsc.5.75;
παρέργως καὶ ὑπὸ χ.
extempore, Plu.Arat.3
, etc.; also καθύπο χεῖρα κινῶν [τὰς οὐσίας], in Alchemy, Ps.-Democr. p.51 B.

III the hand often receives the attributes of the person using it, χ. μεγάλη, of Zeus, Il.15.695 (χ. παγκρατής, of God, Secund.Sent.3; χ. ὑπερμήκης, of the 'long arm' of the king, Hdt.8.140.β') ; θοὴ χ., of one throwing, Il.12.306; ἀφνειά Pi.O.7.1
, cf. S.El. 458; εὐσεβεστέρα, εὐφιλής, A.Ch. 141, Ag.34; κάρβανος ib. 1061; γεραιά E.Hec. 143
(anap.); πονηρά Id. Ion 1316
, etc.: to denote wealth or poverty, πλειοτέρῃ σὺν χ. Od.11.359
; κενεὰς σὺν χ. ἔχοντες 10.42
, cf. E.Hel. 1280, etc.

2 it is represented as acting of itself, χεῖρες μαιμῶσιν Il.13.77
, cf. S.Aj.50; χεὶρ ὁρᾷ τὸ δράσιμον A.Th. 554
; δήμου κρατοῦσα χ. Id.Supp. 604
(dub. l.): prov., ἁ δὲ χ. τὰν χ. νίζει Epich.273
; or simply, ἁ χ. τὰν χ. AP5.207
(Mel.).

3 pl., in theurgy, name for spiritual powers, αἱ δημιουργικαὶ [τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος] δυνάμεις ἃς θεουργῶν παῖδες χεῖρας ἀποκαλοῦσιν Procl. in Cra. p.101
P., cf. eund. in R.2.252K.

IV to denote act or deed, opp. mere words, in pl., ἔπεσιν καὶ χερσὶν ἀρήξειν Il.1.77
; μνῆμ' Ἑλένης χειρῶν of her handiwork, her art, Od.15.126 (so in sg., δώρημ' ἐκείνῳ τἀνδρὶ τῆς ἐμῆς χ. S.Tr. 603
); χερσὶν ἢ λόγῳ Id.OT 883
(lyr.), cf. OC 1297, etc.; τῇ χειρὶ χρᾶσθαι to use one's hands, i.c. be active, stirring, opp. ἀργὸς ἐπεστάναι, Hdt.3.78, cf. 9.72; τὰς χ. προσφέρειν to apply force, X.Mem.2.6.31: sg., βούλευμα μὲν τὸ Δῖον, Ἡφαίστου δὲ χείρ A.Pr. 619
; μιᾷ χειρί single-handed, D.21.219; χειρὶ καὶ ποδὶ καὶ πάσῃ δυνάμει Aeschin.3.109
, cf. 2.115; χερσίν τε ποσίν τε Il.20.360
, cf. Pi.O.10(11).62, esp. of using the hands in a fight, cf. supr. 11.6d, e, f; of deeds of violence, πρὶν χειρῶν γεύσασθαι before we try force, Od.20.181; ἀδίκων χ. ἄρχειν to give the first blow, X.Cyr.1.5.13, Antipho 4.2.1, Lys.4.11, etc.; ἀμυνόμενος ἄρχοντα χειρῶν Pl.Lg. 869d
: generally, χεῖρες violent measures, force, ἐπίσχετε θυμὸν ἐνιπῆς καὶ χειρῶν Od.20.267
; ὑπόδικος χερῶν A.Eu. 260
(lyr.); χερσὶ πεποιθώς Il.16.624
, etc.; ἐν χειρῶν νόμῳ v. supr. 11.6d; ὅπως θανάτοιο βαρείας χ. ἀλάλκοι, v.l. for κῆρας, Il.21.548.

V a number, band, body of men, esp. of soldiers, χεὶρ μεγάλη Hdt.7.157
; in dat., οὐ σὺν μεγάλῃ χ. Id.5.72
; πολλῇ χ. 1.174
, Th.3.96, E.Heracl. 337; pleon., χ. μεγάλῃ πλήθεος Hdt.7.20
; δεδωμάτωμαι δ' οὐδ' ἐγὼ σμικρᾷ χερί A.Supp. 958
; οἰκεία χείρ, for χεὶρ οἰκετῶν, E.El. 629; σὺν πλήθει χερῶν S.OT 123
.

VI handwriting, τὴν ἑαυτοῦ χεῖρα ἀρνήσασθαι Hyp.Lyc.Fr.5
, cf. IG9(1).189 ([place name] Phocis); τῇ ἐμῇ χ. Παύλου I Ep. Cor.16.21, Ep.Col.4.18: copy, counterpart of a document, SIG712.31 (Crete, ii B.C.); deed, instrument, ἡ χ. ἥδε κυρία ἔστω PRein.28.18
(ii B.C.), cf. PCair.Zen. 477 (iii B.C.), etc.

b handiwork of an artist or workman, γλαφυρὰ χ. Theoc.Epigr.8.5
, etc.; αἱ Ἐφεσίου χεῖρες Herod.4.72
, cf. 6.66; σοφαὶ χέρες APl.4.262
; τὰς Φειδίου χ. Lib.Or. 30.22
.

VII of any implement resembling a hand:

1 a kind of gauntlet, X.Eq.12.5, Poll.1.135 (pl.).

2 χ. σιδηρᾶ grappling-iron, Th.4.25, 7.62; also of an anchor, AP6.38 (Phil.).

3 axle-tree, LXX 3 Ki.7.18(32).

4 in LXX, pillar or cairn, as it were a finger pointing to heaven, χεὶρ Ἀβεσσαλώμ LXX 2 Ki.18.18
; also ἀνέστακεν αὐτῷ χεῖρα, i.e. trophy, ib. 1 Ki.15.12.

5 χεῖρες ἐλάτιναι, of oars, Tim.Pers.7.

6 catch of a trigger, Hero Aut.13.9; χ. κατάγουσα τὴν τοξῖτιν Ph.Bel. 68.4
, cf. Hero Bel.78.2.

7 instrument of torture, LXX 4 Ma.8.13.

VIII handful, κορώνῃ χεῖρα πρόσδοτε κριθέων Phoen. 2.1
.

IX ointment containing five ingredients, Orib.Fr.89, Alex. Trall.7.1. (Cf. Arm. jein ( dzern), Alb. dore, Tocharian (A-dialect) tsar, (B-dialect) sar, all = hand.)

Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > χείρ
20 Bestimmung

Bestimmung f 1. GEN, V&M determination, designation; allocation; 2. RW appropriation (von Geldern); 3. RECHT stipulation, provision (Vorschrift); 4. VERSICH clause (Klausel); 5. WIWI appropriation, regulation • seiner Bestimmung übergeben GEN, MGT inaugurate, open to the public
* * *

f 1. < Geschäft> allocation; 2. < Rechnung> von Geldern appropriation; 3. < Recht> Vorschrift stipulation, provision; 4. < Versich> Klausel clause; 5. <Vw> appropriation, regulation

* * *
Bestimmung
(Ernennung) appointment, nomination, designation, (Festsetzung) fixing, fixation, (Feststellung) ascertainment, (Verfügung) disposition, (Verordnung) regulation, ordinance, order, decree, (Vertrag) clause, stipulation, provision, condition, article, recital, (Vorschrift) direction, (Zuweisung) allocation, appropriation, assignation, assignment;
• aufgrund der Bestimmungen des Paragraphen 21 by the terms of article 21;
• gemäß den vertraglichen Bestimmungen according to the provisions of the agreement;
• laut steuerrechtlichen Bestimmungen under tax laws;
• mit Ausnahme gegenteiliger (vorbehaltlich anderweitiger) Bestimmungen save as otherwise provided;
• ungeachtet gegenteiliger Bestimmungen notwithstanding any provisions to the contrary;
• unter eine Bestimmung fallend includible;
• Bestimmungen terms, conditions, provisions, regulations, rules;
• allgemeine Bestimmungen general provisions;
• amtliche Bestimmungen official regulations;
• aufhebende Bestimmung rescinding clause;
• auflösende Bestimmung conditional clause;
• ausdrückliche Bestimmung express condition;
• ausdrückliche arbeitsvertragliche Bestimmung express statement;
• degressive Bestimmungen (Besteuerung) tapering provisions;
• devisenrechtliche Bestimmungen [foreign-]exchange regulations;
• eingefügte Bestimmung inserted clause;
• eingeschränkte Bestimmungen modifying conditions;
• einschränkende Bestimmung restrictive clause, (Konkurrenzklausel) restraining clause;
• elastische Bestimmungen elastic rules;
• entgegenstehende Bestimmungen regulations to the contrary;
• dem Parteiwillen vermutlich entsprechende Bestimmungen implied terms;
• fakultative Bestimmungen non-compulsory clauses;
• forstpolizeiliche Bestimmungen forest regulations;
• gegenteilige Bestimmung provision to the contrary;
• geltende Bestimmungen current regulations;
• gesetzliche Bestimmungen statutory (legal) provisions;
• gewerbepolizeiliche Bestimmungen inspection laws;
• haushaltsrechtliche Bestimmungen budgetary regulations;
• interne Bestimmungen internal regulations;
• konkursrechtliche Bestimmungen bankrupt[cy] laws;
• nähere Bestimmungen specifications, specific regulations;
• vorhandene nationale Bestimmungen existing national rules;
• normative Bestimmungen (Tarifvertrag) normative effect;
• postalische Bestimmungen postal regulations;
• preiseinschränkende Bestimmungen price-fixing restrictions;
• protokollarische Bestimmungen ceremonial rules, rules of protocol;
• steuerrechtliche Bestimmungen fiscal (tax-law) provisions, tax laws (regulations);
• umweltpolitische Bestimmung environmental provision;
• unabdingbare Bestimmungen mandatory provisions;
• vorvertragliche Bestimmungen precontractual terms;
• wesentliche Bestimmungen material terms;
• zollamtliche Bestimmungen customs regulations;
• zusätzliche Bestimmungen added (additional) clauses;
• zwingende Bestimmung compulsory clause, mandatory provision (US);
• Bestimmungen über die Altersversicherung old-age provisions;
• Bestimmungen über die Aufrechterhaltung der Versicherungsansprüche bei Verfall (Rückkauf) der Police non-forfeiture provisions;
• Bestimmungen des Ausbildungsvertrages conditions of apprenticeship;
• Bestimmung über Barzahlung und Transport auf eigenen Schiffen cash-and-carry clause (US);
• Bestimmung des Begünstigten (Testamentsvollstrecker) power of appointment;
• Bestimmungen über die steuerliche Behandlung von Kapitalgewinnen (Kapitalverlusten) (Einkommensteuer) capital gains (losses) provisions;
• Bestimmungen des EG-Vertrages treaty provisions;
• Bestimmungen über die Einbehaltung von Lohnsteuern withholding regulations;
• Bestimmungen über die Einberufung und Abhaltung von Hauptversammlungen provisions as to notice and procedure at general meetings;
• Bestimmung des Einzelhandelspreises setting the retail-price, retailprice determination (fixing, making);
• Bestimmungen über den Eisenbahngüterverkehr railway company’s regulations;
• Bestimmungen für den Elternurlaub provisions about parental leave;
• Bestimmung von 10 Millionen als Entwicklungshilfe allocation of 10 million as development aid;
• Bestimmung des Erbberechtigten appointment of an heir (US);
• Bestimmungen im Falle sozial ungerechtfertigter Kündigung unfair dismissal provisions;
• Bestimmungen über den Flugzeugbau (GATT) aircraft rules;
• Bestimmungen über das Führen von Telefongesprächen telephone regulations;
• Bestimmungen über die Führung von Anderkonten durch Rechtsanwälte Solictors’ Accounts Rules (Br.);
• Bestimmungen über die Gewährung zusätzlicher Leistungen fringe issues;
• Bestimmungen über den Kapitalbedarf capital requirements;
• eingeschränkende Bestimmungen für Lombardkredite (Börse) margin rules (US);
• Bestimmungen gegen den Missbrauch von Steuervergünstigungen anti-avoiding provisions;
• Bestimmung eines Nachfolgers designation of a successor;
• Bestimmungen über das Nettokapitalverhältnis net capital rule;
• Bestimmungen über das Postsparkassenwesen Post Office Savings Bank Regulations;
• Bestimmung eines Testaments clause of a will;
• einschränkende Bestimmungen aus Umweltschutzgründen environmental restrictions;
• Bestimmungen über übertarifliche Vergütungen name-in-lights clauses;
• Bestimmungen über den Versand von Standarddrucksachen printed-paper conditions (Br.);
• Bestimmungen des Versicherungsaufsichtsamtes state insurance regulations;
• Bestimmungen einer Versicherungspolice provisions of an insurance policy;
• Bestimmung des Versicherungsumfanges operative clause;
• Bestimmungen des Versicherungsvertrages policy provisions;
• einleitende Bestimmungen eines Vertrages preliminary articles of a treaty;
• Bestimmung über die Vertragsdauer termination clause;
• Bestimmung eines Zeitpunkts determination of a date;
• aufgrund einzelner Bestimmungen ablehnen to give a qualified no;
• durch vertragliche Bestimmungen absichern to guard by clauses;
• am Ort seiner Bestimmung ankommen to reach one’s destination;
• Bestimmung anwenden to apply a provision;
• Bestimmungen aufheben to abolish provisions;
• einschränkende Bestimmungen aufheben to deregulationize;
• Bestimmung eng auslegen to construe a clause narrowly;
• Bestimmung weit auslegen to construe a clause extensively;
• von den kartellrechtlichen Bestimmungen ausnehmen to exempt from the antitrust rules;
• Bestimmung beibehalten to retain a provision;
• den einkommensteuerrechtlichen Bestimmungen nicht entsprechen to be repugnant to Income-Tax Act;
• Bestimmung erlassen to lay down a regulation, to issue an order;
• unter eine Bestimmung fallen to come within the scope of (be covered by) a clause;
• unter die gesetzlichen Bestimmungen (die Bestimmung en eines Gesetzes) fallen to come within the provisions (scope) of a law (provisions of an act);
• keine Bestimmungen für einen derartigen Fall getroffen haben to have made no provisions for a case of this kind;
• sich unnachgiebig an eine Bestimmung halten to adhere strictly to a clause;
• in Übereinstimmung mit den Bestimmungen handeln to conform with (to) provisions;
• Bestimmungen eines Abkommens in Kraft setzen to implement the provisions of a convention;
• keine Bestimmung treffen (Vertrag) to be silent;
• für einen Fall keine Bestimmungen treffen to make no provisions for a case;
• die notwendigen Bestimmungen treffen to take the necessary steps;
• Brücke ihrer Bestimmung übergeben to open a bridge;
• Gebäude seiner Bestimmung übergeben to inaugurate a building;
• Bestimmungen umgehen to evade regulations, (gesetzliche) to dodge the law;
• konkursrechtlichen Bestimmungen unterliegen to be amenable to bankruptcy laws;
• sich seiner Bestimmung unterwerfen to mortgage o. s. to a clause;
• Bestimmungen über marktgemäße (marktgerechte) Kurse bei Übernahmeverhandlungen in den Statuten verankern to incorporate a fair-price provision in its charter;
• Bestimmung verletzen to be in violation of a provision;
• besondere Bestimmung vorsehen to make a special provision about;
• von einer der Bestimmungen erfasst werden to fall within one of the paragraphs;
• den Bestimmungen zuwiderhandeln to contravene the terms;
• die Bestimmungen besagen it says in the regulations;
• gesonderte Bestimmungen gelten für special provisions apply to.

Business german-english dictionary > Bestimmung

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